This work was planned to investigate the bacteria isolated from broiler chickens head suffered from naked eye pathological lesions. Out of 200 examined head lesions, the result revealed that the major pathogens associated with swollen head syndrome (SHS) were Escherichia coli, Streptococcus dysgalactiae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrobial sensitivity pattern against 11 different antimicrobials proved that isolates were resistant to most of the tested antimicrobial agents. PCR was applied on 4 MDR E. coli, 4 S. dysgalactiae and 2 P. aeruginosa for detection of some resistance and virulence genes. The results of E. coli isolates revealed that blaTEM gene was the most prevalent in all isolates (100%) followed by tetA (A), aada1, aada2 and aacC genes. Meanwhile tetA (B) gene was found in 3 (75%), while aadB gene was not detected in any isolates. All S. dysgalactiae proved to harbour 16srRNAgene also all S. dysgalactiae were 100% positive for tuf gene followed by speF gene which found in 2 isolate (50%). The results of PCR of P. aeruginosa isolates revealed that toxA gene was the most prevalent gene found in all isolates (100%) followed by lasI. Then, phzM gene was found in one isolate (50%).

Outbreaks of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) cause severe economic loss to the livestock industries in terms of loss of meat, milk production and the high mortality rateespecially in calves. This study was intended for detection, isolation and molecular characterization of FMDV circulated strain among different regions in Beni-Suef governorate, Egypt during 2015 and 2017. One hundred field samples were collected from clinically diseased cattle and buffaloes including vesicular fluid and sloughed epithelial membrane. Molecular detection and differentiation of FMDV serotypes by RT-PCR showed that (71%) were positive for serotype O indicating its predominance in Beni-Suef, Egypt.Also (18%) were positive for serotype SAT2 and (7%) were un-typed serotype being only positive for universal primer. Twenty samples were isolated on BHK-21 cells clone 13. Three samples showed the characteristic CPE of FMDV after blind passage 4 times. Sequences of VP1 coding-region of the three isolated FMD virus showed that the three isolated viruses were serotype O. The phylogenetic analysis of the isolated viruses reveled that they were closely related to type O of those reported in Ismailia, Behira, Giza and Cairo during 2016 with identity ranged from 97.7% - 99.8%. The most relevant outboard isolate was SUD/8/2008 with 93% identity after Blast homology search. However, the phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that the three FMDV type O isolates FMDV/serotype O/Beni-Suef/2017 differs partially from all other Egyptian serotypes of 2016. In conclusion, serotype O was the most prevalent FMDV serotype in Beni-Suef, Egypt.

The experiment was designed to investigate the immunomodulating effect of lector 50 on general health and immune response of broiler chicks to Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccination in commercial broiler chicks. the obtained results reveled significantly higher effects on body weight ,bursal, and thymic index on lector treated group of chickens, while no effects on spleen index. Also significant improvement in total and differential leukocytic count as well as significantly higher antibody titer was detected by ELISA in lector 50 treated groups.

This study was done to evaluate and study the decaying curve of IBD MDAbs of the native chicken breeds including (Fayoumi, Dandrawi, Senawi and Baladi) were taken in consideration as compared with (Lohmann white) layer type breed. The results showed that the decline of maternal immunity of IBDV in Lohmann is the faster followed by Senawi, Baladi, Fayoumi and Dandrawi and the 1 day IBD ELISA titers were shown to be nearly equal in Senawi (5449 ± 371) and Lohmann (4536±437) and titer of Baladi chicks was close to the for mentioned two breeds (5327±371), the Dandrawi (4649±331) and Fayoumi (4596±857) are lower but close to each other. The standard deviation (SD) values recorded in Fayoumi breed showed great variation in the recorded titers, while of the other 4 groups seamed to be homogenous. Comparing the 22 day decline manner in titer it was clear that the loss in titer in Fayoumi (3494) and Lohmann (3413) was nearly equal and followed by Dandrawi (3093) and Baladi (2972) those showing lower titers. The recorded unprotected titer ≤ 400 was detected at 43 days in Lohmann, Baladi and Senawi, 37 days in Dandrawi and 31 in Fayoumi. Percentage of decline from its original values showed that Fayoumi last (75.95%) at 22 days followed by (66.53%) in Dandrawi followed by (62.78%) Lohmann,(55.79) Baladi and (55.19) Senawi. Different breeds showed different slope values that indicate differences in the decay of maternal antibodies. The predication of antibody titer for each breed as the slope in decline curve in Lohmann chicks showed highest values followed by Dandrawi chicks while the Fayoumi and Baladi were as the same values and on the other hand the Senawi showed the lowest value.

The present work was done to investigate the interrelationship between the ovarian activity and each of seasonal environment, hormonal pattern, age and body condition scores(BCS) in shecamel. Over a period of one year (November 2005– October 2006), jugular blood samples were collected from 320 she-camel (5-20 years old) in Cairo–slaughter house during their antimortum inspection and body condition was scored. Immediately, after slaughter both ovaries were individually collected and morphometric findings were recorded. The results of hormonal assay including estrogen (E), progesterone (P4), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) were recorded. The obtained hormonal levels were studied in relation to the ovarian findings and seasonal variation. Moreover the ovarian activity was studied in relation to age and BCS. According to the ovarian findings and hormonal levels, there is clear breeding season in dromedary camel extended from November to April under Egyptian conditions. Otherwise, the period from May to October (non-breeding season) has a lower ovarian activity and concomitant with lower hormonal levels. She-camel reaches its maturity later and has a higher longevity than cattle. The best reproductive capacity of she-camel are found within 8-15 years of age (BCS,2.92±0.21).

Fifty raw ewe’s and goat’s milk samples (25 of each) were examined for total viable, psychrotrophic count and the presence of foodborne pathogenic microorganisms. The obtained results revealed that the mean total bacterial counts/ml were 1.9 x103 and 1.4 x103 in the examined samples, respectively. Psychrotrophic bacteria could be detected in all examined samples (100.0 %) with mean values of 7.8 x10 and 6.3 x10/mL, respectively. Staphylococci, Enterococci, and E. coli , were detected in (52.0 & 84.0 %), (44.0 & 36.0 %) and (36.0 & 44.0 %) of the examined samples with mean values/ml of (7.2 x10 & 6.1 x10), (2.5 x10 & 2.4 x10) and (3.0 x10 & 2.1x10), respectively. The predominant isolated bacterial strains were Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium and E. coli, at percentages of (24.3 & 19.2 %), (16.2 & 32.7 %), (10.8 & 13.5 %), (19.0 & 17.3 %) and (29.7 & 17.3 %) of total isolates, respectively. On the other hand, Clostridium perfringens, Campylobacter jejuni, Corynebacterium bovis and Salmonellae failed to be detected in all examined samples. The sanitary and public health importance of these organisms as well as preventive measures to improve the quality of milk and safeguard the consumers from infection were discussed.

The aim of the present work was to describe the way of creating chosen interactive and animated three-dimensional anatomic virtual models of particular parts of birds' skeleton. These models can be used for teaching purposes in anatomy courses to assist veterinary students, and veterinarians to know the different structures of birds’ bones without dissection. We used available multimedia technologies to develop a simple computer program for visualization and annotation of threedimensional duck skeleton. The entire program involves three-dimensional realistic objects, description texts, and images, in addition to quizzes for users' selfassessment. Addressing the anatomical structures made the program more useful to promote knowledge, enhance and facilitate teaching and learning of birds’ osteology for veterinary students.

FMD virus type A/1/ Egypt 2006 was inactivated with 0.1 M of BEI (Binary ethylene imine) formed by cyclization of 2- Bromoethyl-amine hydrobromide (BEA) in 0.2 N NaoH at 37oC with PH 8.0 for 24 hours. The virus was complete inactivated after 15 hours post inactivation. No residual virus particles were detected when inoculated in tissue culture. The inactivation rates are linear with a regular loss of titer ranged from 0.5- 1.0 log10 / hour. Control sample of virus at 37oC without BEI showed only a loss of 1.0 log from the original infectivity titer after 24 hours. The sample of virus which kept at -20oC, without BEI, showed loss 0.3 log10 from its original infectivity titer after 24 hours. There is no change in the complement fixing antigen before and after inactivation process with BEI inactivator and in the CFT 7 dilution of antigen was stable (fixed) pre and post inactivation of virus. Also it was found that the inactivation rate of BEI was higher than the inactivation with pure Ethylenimine (EI) and formalin.

The objective of the current study was to present baseline data on the morphology and surface architecture of the oviduct in adult female Balady duck grossly and by using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Fifteen apparently healthy adult female Balady ducks were used which weighted (2-4 kg). Two birds were formalized while the other birds were used in the fresh state for dissection then careful evisceration of the oviduct. For SEM five of the latter were used immediately after immersion in saline. Our data anatomically revealed that infundibulum had funnel and tubular parts, magnum was highly convoluted pale white or creamy color, less convoluted isthmus, dilated uterus and S-shape spiral vagina. The inner wall of the duct contains longitudinal folds in the first four parts while the vagina showed transverse thick folds. color of the mucosa was reddish in infundibulum, magnum and isthmus while greenish brown in color in the uterus and whitish yellow in the vagina. SEM showed primary and secondary folds allover the oviduct which became more thicker in the uterus and carrying tertiary folds in the vagina.

This work was planned to investigate the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance of Enterococcus faecalis isolated from animal and human sources. Ten isolates of E. faecalis recovered from urinary tract infections in humans, as well as, ten isolates of E. faecalis were recovered from diarrheic dairy cattle studied for their antimicrobial sensitivity to 7 different antibacterial agents. Antimicrobial sensitivity pattern proved that most isolates were resistant to most of the tested antimicrobial agents. All isolates of human E. faecalis were 100 % resistant to rifamycin, gentamicin and penicillin G. Resistance to amikacin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and vancomycin was 80.0%, 90.0%, 90.0% and 70.0% respectively. However animal E. faecalis were completely (100%) resistant to penicillin G and ciprofloxacin. Resistance to gentamicin, amikacin, levofloxacin, rifamycin and vancomycin was 70.0%, 40.0%, 20.0%, 20.0% and 0.0% respectively. PCR was applied on MDR for detection of aminoglycosides resistance genes. All human E. faecalis isolates were negative for aph(2‖)-Ia, aph(2‖)-Ib, aph(2‖)-Ic and aph(2‖)-Id. 40.0% of isolates were proved to harbour aph(3‖)-IIIa and 10.0% (one isolate) harboured ant(4‖)-Ia. However all animal E. faecalis isolates were negative for aph (2‖)-Ib, aph(2‖)-Ic, aph(2‖)-Id. Two isolates (20.0%) harboured aph(2‖)-Ia and ant(4‖)-Ia and four isolates (40.0%) harboured aph(3‖)-IIIa. In conclusion, the increased antibiotic resistance of E. faecalis isolated from animal and human sources complicate treatment decisions and increase public health hazard.