To achieve a better diagnostic assay for the bovine tuberculosis, antigen cocktail composed of Ag85; rESAT-6 and rMPB-70 protein antigens were compared to the bovine tuberculin using ELISA test. The antigen cocktail could detect 80 % of the tuberculin negative cattle showed lesions in the post mortem examination compared to 60% with the PPD-B. For the tuberculin positive cattle, the results were 70% and 80% for the antigen cocktail and PPD-B respectively. On the other hand the antigen cocktail gave only 26.6% in sera of the tuberculin positive animals with non visible lesions compared to 53.3% with the PPD-B. 70% of the tuberculin negative cattle with localized lesions in the P/M examination reacted with the antigen cocktail compared to 50% only with the PPD-B. The results concluded the ability of the antigen cocktail to overcome the false negative results obtained with the tuberculin test and to detect the active recent infection of cattle which allow the rapid eradication of the infected animals from herds before the spread of the disease.

Clinical examination of 380 rearing sheep revealed that 30 animal were suffering from skin abscesses with an incidence of (7.89%). Bacteriological examination of 30 swabs from affected sheep revealed isolation of 30 isolates of C. pseudotuberculosis (48.39%) , 18 isolates of S. aureus (29.03%) and 14 isolates of S. aureus subsp. anaerobius (22.58).The isolated bacteria were identified morphologically and biochemically.The results of animal pathogenicity test showed that C. pseudotuberculosis isolates were 100% pathogenic to guinea pigs and 80% of S.aureus isolates were pathogenic to mice, while all isolates of S. aureus subsp. anaerobius were pathogenic to mice. The dead animals showed haemorrhage and symptoms of septicaemia, C. pseudotuberculosis, S.aureus and S. aureus subsp. anaerobius were reisolated from the dead animals. Antimicrobial sensitivity of C. pseudotuberculosis , S. aureus and S. aureus subsp. anaerobius isolates to some antimicrobial agents which usually used in farms showed that from 90% to 100% of C. pseudotuberculosis isolates were sensitive to erythromycin, amoxicillin, tetracycline ,streptomycin, ampicillin and rifampicin while S. aureus isolates (from 55% to 66%) were sensitive to rifampicin,tetracycline ,erythromycin and streptomycin, while S. aureus subsp. anaerobius isolates were moderately resistant to all used antimicrobial agents.

A total of 807 stool and fecal samples (251 stool samples from diarrheic children under six years old, 254, and 250 fecal samples from diarrheic and apparently healthy pre-weaned calves and lambs, respectively in addition to 50 fecal samples from dogs) were collected from different localities in Behera and Menoufia Governorates for detection of Cryptospridium spp., Giardia spp. and Entamoeba histolytica). Cryptosporidium spp. has been detected by using modified Ziel-Nelssen Stain (MZN) in 30 (11.95%); 26 (10.24%); 31(12.4%) and 2(3.84%) of the examined stool and fecal samples from children, calves, lambs and dogs, respectively in both Governorates. There were significant relationships between infection of the examined calves with Cryptospordium parvum and their age and healthy status. The same relation was noticed in concern with the examined children. Results of MZN were confirmed by using ELISA which was found sensitive (overall sensitivity 96.6%). In spite of the higher sensitivity of PCR than MZN for detection of C. parvum in fecal specimens especially when oocysts are scanty, the high cost of reagents and lack of expensive instruments which are not available in all clinical laboratories render MZN staining technique acceptable and reliable. By using direct smear and formal ether method, Giardia intestinals has been detected in {27(10.75%); 51(20.08%); 63(29.2%) and 5 (9.61%)} of stool and fecal samples from the examined children, calves, lambs and dogs, respectively from both Governorates. Calves, lambs and dogs seem to be important sources for Giardia intestinalis to man. Entamoeba histolytica has been detected in {19(7.56%); 0 (0),0(0) and 2(3.84%) of stool and fecal samples of the examined children, calves, lambs and dogs, respectively in both governorates. Dogs are regarded as an important source of Entamoeba histolytica to man.

In this study, a combined Trivalent vaccine against ND, IB and M. gallisepticum was locally prepared and evaluated in comparison with other locally prepared Bivalent ND and IB and monovalent M. gallisepticum vaccines. The obtained results were promising for this locally prepared Trivalent vaccine and the immune response was outstanding starting at the 2nd week post vaccination and showed extended raising allover the experiment period. The immune response of chickens vaccinated with the Trivalent was shoot up post boostering at the 8th week post 1st vaccination. These results were confirmed and supported by the challenge tests using the virulent strains of the three pathogens. So it could be recommend that the production of this Trivalent ND, IB and M. gallisepticum will help in the control of the three diseases and their complications.

Polyvalent clostridial vaccine has been prepared according to L+ dose of C. perfringens type B and D, C. septicum, C. oedematiens, the optical density of C. chauvoei, and flocculation test of C. tetani. The vaccine has been evaluated in guinea pigs, rabbits and sheep. It gave high protective immunity in guinea pigs in challenge test (100% protection), the sera of vaccinated rabbits gave high titers more than the permissible limit. Sera of vaccinated sheep showed high antibody titer and good immune response which revealed that the vaccine able to protect sheep against clostridial diseases. The recent formulation of polyvalent clostridial vaccine is very useful tool for production of highly antigenic multicomponent clostridial vaccine used for control of different clostridial diseases.

Molecular detection and differentiation of Pasteurella multocida strain involved in a separate fowl cholera outbreak in a turkey flock farm located in El-Menofia Governorate, Egypt early 2008 was investigated. The isolated strain was compared with an Egyptian Pasteurella multocida isolate that was previously isolated from turkey flock during last decade besides four vaccinal strain (A:5, A:8, A:9 and D:2) on phenotypic and genotypic characterization basis. Phenotypically all the strains were similar as all the strains produce non haemolytic colonies on blood agar, and all the strains revealed similar biochemial behaviour. On the other hand, the genomic typing of all the stains using rep-PCR techniques [repetitive BOX elements, enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) and repetitive extragenic palindromic (REP) polymerase chain reaction (PCR)] differentiated the six Pasteurella multocida strains into six different profiles. The molecular identity between the Pasteurella multocida 2008 strain and the previously isolated strain was 76.6 % and were ranged from 65.2% to 79.2% with the 4 vaccinal strains. These results reported the continuous mutations of the field Pasteurella multocida strains among poultry flocks in Egypt indicating the urgent need for the frequent and continuous molecular epidemiological investigations of fowl cholera outbreaks in various poultry flocks to detect these new strains and update the fowl cholera vaccines.

A total number of 50 genital tracts were collected from cows slaughtered at “Belefia” abattoir in “Beni-Suef” governorate, Egypt. The genitalia were inspected grossly and the ovarian activity was noticed. Tissue specimens were taken from the tips of uterine horns, fallopian tubes, ovaries of both sides. The fallopian tubes were cut and sampled at three levels namely, infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus. All tissue specimens were fixed in 10% formalin solution, embedded in paraffin wax, sectioned at 5 μm and stained with hematoxylin and eosin stain (Bancroft and Stevens 1996) and examined microscopically. The pathological changes in the fallopian tube in relation to lesions in the uterus and ovarian activity were investigated. The uterine pathological lesions were endometritis (12%), adenomyosis (12%), and cystic glandular hyperplasis (8%). Inflammation of the fallopian tube salpingitis, was graduated as mild degree(18%), moderate degree(2%), and severe degree (2%). The intraepithelial microcysts of the uterine tube represented 8% of the examined cases.

Chlamydophila abortus (C. abortus) is one of the most important causative agents of enzootic abortion which has been caused a serious economic problem in domesticated and wild ruminants world wide. This study was aimed to diagnose C. abortus infection in aborted goats in Ras Suder Research Station (South Sinai) - Desert Research Center from 2004-2006. Twenty aborted cases from 130 pregnant nannies were recorded and examined serologically using complement fixation test (CFT). Eighty percent (16/20) of the aborted cases were serologically positive and 20% (4/20) randomly collected from apparently healthy pregnant nannies were also had antibodies against C. abortus. Pathological lesions were detected. Ten aborted fetal samples from serologically positive aborted nannies were subjected to diagnosis using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) showed positive results at 119 bp. According to this result, PCR proved to be feasible, reliable, specific and sensitive diagnostic tool in diagnosis of C. abortus infection.

The humoral and cell-mediated immune (CMI) response to 2 commercial killed Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) vaccines (Layermune and MBL SE4C) was evaluated in laying hens. Layers were distributed in 2 experimental groups. The first received a single immunization at 16 wk of age, while the second experimental group was immunized at 12 wk of age and again at 18 wk of age. Serum immunoglobulin (Ig)G antibodies were measured using a commercial SE ELISA kit and showed persistent levels from 3 to 32 and 34 wk post-vaccination. The vaccination protocol using 2 immunizations showed a higher seroconversion level than the single vaccination. However, our results for bacterial intracellular survival indicated that IgG titers were not linked with bacterial killing. Local IgA production was measured in the intestines and oviducts with an in-house SE whole cell antigen ELISA. Only the MBL SE4C vaccine elicited IgA antibody production when tested on intestine and oviduct mucosal secretions, 3-weeks post-vaccination in both immunization protocol groups. To evaluate the CMI response, the splenic T-cells and B-cells populations were analyzed using flow cytometry. The CD3/B-cell ratio decreased 3 wk after the second immunization in the twice vaccinated Layermune group due to an increase in B-cells.

This report describes the genetics of the prion protein gene (PRNP) at codons 136, 154, and 171 for sheep diagnosed with naturally acquired classical scrapie in Canada between 1998 and 2008. Genotyping analysis was performed on 249 sheep with confirmed classical scrapie infection representing 98 flocks from 6 provinces. A further case-control analysis of 3 of these flocks compared the genotypes between infected sheep (n = 72) and those of their healthy flockmates (n = 1990). The incidence of classical scrapie in the Canadian sheep population was highly associated with the ARQ haplotype (91.8%) and the ARQ/ARQ genotype (91.6%). In addition, the ARQ haplotype was found at significantly higher frequency in scrapie-infected sheep when compared with their healthy flockmates. Comparison with other published data suggests that the scrapie risk of PRNP genotypes differs between Canada and countries where the VRQ allele is associated with the highest susceptibility to infection.