Data collected monthly over a period of two years were live weight, packed cell volume (PCV), nematode faecal egg counts (FECs) and coccidial oocyst counts from faecal analyses for 100 mixed age (3-7 years) indigenous Tswana does. The aims of this experiment were to determine seasonal FECs and coccidial oocysts in these goats and quantify the relationships of these burdens to liveweight and PCV. FECs significantly (P < 0.05) varied with season, with the warmer seasons viz spring, summer and autumn having higher log (x + 1) parasite burdens than the cooler winter, while seasonal trends for coccidial oocysts were not obvious. PCV was also significantly (P< 0.05) lower in the warmer seasons than winter. FECs and coccidial oocysts in all seasons were less than the mean log (x + 1) of 3.3 inferred to reduce production in small stock. Correlation coefficients were strongly negative: -0.95 for FECs and liveweight and -0.84 for FECS and PCV, indicating that these worms had a negative impact on productivity. A further study should be conducted to quantify the effects of controlling these parasites during the warm seasons on productivity.

29 ref. | International audience

peer reviewed | OBJECTIVE: To assess blood oxygen binding in calves with diarrhea. ANIMALS: 22 dairy and 26 double-muscled calves with diarrhea, 31 healthy dairy calves and 37 healthy double-muscled calves. PROCEDURE: Severity of disease, including the ability of affected calves to stand, was evaluated. Hydration and signs of depression were scored. Venous and arterial blood samples were collected, and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, ATP, chloride, inorganic phosphate, lactate, pyruvate, total protein, albumin, and hemoglobin concentrations, and Hct, pH, Pco2, and PO2 were determined. Oxygen equilibrium curves (OEC) were constructed under standard conditions, and oxygen extraction ratios were calculated. RESULTS: Recumbent calves of both breed-types were more dehydrated and had more severe signs of depression than ambulatory affected calves. In both breed-types, hemoglobin oxygen affinity was increased in calves with diarrhea, compared with healthy calves, as indicated by a decrease in standard partial oxygen pressure (P50). Diarrhea induced hypocapnia and hypothermia in the most severely affected calves, which counteracted the acidosis-induced right shift in arterial and venous OEC. Arterial and venous P50 were significantly less in double-muscled calves with diarrhea than healthy calves, whereas P50 for affected dairy calves were similar to those of healthy calves. Except in the most severely affected dairy calves, oxygen extraction ratio was significantly less in calves with diarrhea, compared with healthy calves. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Release of oxygen from blood may be impaired in calves with diarrhea, depending on the effect of the disease on certain blood biochemical variables.

peer reviewed | OBJECTIVE: To assess morphologic and metabolic abnormalities in dogs with early left ventricular dysfunction (ELVD) induced by rapid right ventricular pacing (RRVP). ANIMALS: 7 Beagles. PROCEDURE: Plasma carnitine concentrations were measured before and after development of ELVD induced by RRVP. At the same times, transvenous endomyocardial biopsy was performed, and specimens were submitted for determination of myocardial carnitine concentrations and histologic, morphometric, and ultrastructural examination. RESULTS: In 4 dogs in which baseline plasma total carnitine concentration was normal, RRVP induced a decrease in myocardial total and free carnitine concentrations and an increase in myocardial esterified carnitine concentration. In 3 dogs in which baseline plasma total carnitine concentration was low, plasma and myocardial carnitine concentrations were unchanged after pacing. Structural changes associated with pacing included perinuclear vacuolization in 3 dogs. Morphometric analyses indicated there was a decrease in myofiber cross-sectional diameter and area following pacing. Electron microscopy revealed changes in myofibrils and mitochondria following pacing. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results indicated that moderate to severe alterations in myocyte cytoarchitecture are present in dogs with ELVD induced by RRVP and that in dogs with normal plasma carnitine concentrations, myocardial carnitine deficiency may be a biochemical marker of ELVD. Results also indicated that transvenous endomyocardial biopsy can be used to evaluate biochemical and structural myocardial changes in dogs with cardiac disease.

peer reviewed | OBJECTIVE: To characterize the accuracy of an ultrafine 99m-technetium-labeled carbon dry aerosol for use in assessment of regional ventilation in calves with pulmonary dysfunction. ANIMALS: 7 Belgian White and Blue calves. PROCEDURE: The ultrafine aerosol was assessed by comparing deposition (D) images with ventilation (V) images obtained by use of 81 m-krypton (81mKr) gas via D-to-V ratio (D:V) image analysis in calves during spontaneous breathing (SB) and during experimentally induced pulmonary dysfunction (ePD). RESULTS: Mismatching index (LrTot) calculated on the D:V images revealed a good match (LrTot, 0.96 +/- 0.01) between D and V distribution patterns in calves during SB. Calculation of the ultrafine aerosol penetration index relative to 81mKr (PIRel) revealed preferential distribution of the ultrafine aerosol in lung parenchyma (PIRel, 1.13 +/- 0.11). In ePD, heterogeneity in the D:V distribution was observed (LrTot, 0.78 +/- 0.10) as a result of ultrafine aerosol particles impaction in airways as indicated by PIRel (0.66 +/- 0.16) and a proportion of pixels more radioactive in D images, compared with V images, that was located in the central part of the lung (475 +/- 77% in ePD vs 32.8 +/- 5.7% in SB). However, this central deposition did not prevent visual examination of the entire ventilated lung. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ultrafine aerosol appears suitable for use in examination of ventilated parts of lungs of cattle, even those with impaired pulmonary function. However, airway impaction of ultrafine aerosol particles impedes the quantification of regional ventilation in cattle with abnormal lung function.

peer reviewed | OBJECTIVE: To determine whether dobutamine stress tests (DST) can be used to detect cardiac dysfunction in dogs with early left ventricular dysfunction (ELVD) induced by rapid right ventricular pacing (RRVP). ANIMALS: 7 adult male Beagles. PROCEDURE: A pacemaker was surgically implanted in each dog at the level of the right ventricular apex. Electrocardiography, Doppler sphygmomanometry, and Doppler echocardiography were performed before and during a DST prior to activation of the pacemaker and every 3 to 4 days during the period of RRVP. Dobutamine stress tests were performed by infusing dobutamine at incremental dosages ranging from 12.5 to 42.5 microg/kg of body weight/min. RESULTS: Clinical signs of congestive heart failure were not observed during the pacing period. However, all dogs developed ELVD associated with significant changes in values for most Doppler echocardiographic variables obtained prior to DST Adverse cardiac effects were not detected during DST. Most Doppler echocardiographic indices of cardiac function were significantly altered in response to dobutamine infusion during the pacing period, compared with prepacing values. However, a dobutamine-induced 2-fold increase in cardiac output was maintained. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Dobutamine stress tests can be safely performed in dogs with experimentally induced ELVD. Dobutamine stress tests may be a sensitive, noninvasive diagnostic method, complementary to standard clinical examinations, for detection of early cardiac dysfunction in dogs asymptomatic for dilated cardiomyopathy.

Estudando aspectos morfológicos de 38 pares de funículos espermáticos de jumentos da raça Pêga, observamos histologicamente que seus componentes encontram-se envolvidos por delgada cápsula de tecido conjuntivo denso, revestido pelo mesotélio, sob a qual se encontra o músculo cremáster interno, apresentando camadas distintas ou septado por tecido conjuntivo denso. Cápsula funicular e tecido muscular formam inúmeras pregas e algumas expansões, por vezes acompanhadas pelo tecido conjuntivo frouxo intervascular. Envolvendo a artéria e as veias funiculares, identificamos tecido conjuntivo frouxo rico em fibras elásticas e reticulares, com arteríolas, vênulas, nervos e linfáticos. O segmento da artéria testicular estudado possui trajeto sinuoso, túnica interna formada pelo endotélio e tecido conjuntivo, com destacada lâmina limitante elástica interna. A túnica média é formada por espessa camada de musculatura lisa, sustentada por rica e ordenada rede de fibras reticulares e escassas fibras elásticas, e a túnica externa, constituída por tecido conjuntivo denso, contendo fibras colágenas e elásticas, apresenta continuidade com tecido conjuntivo frouxo intervascular. Veias testiculares que envolvem a artéria testicular para formar o plexo venoso pampiniforme mostram calibre variável, túnica média desenvolvida, constituída por fibras musculares lisas, sustentadas por irregular rede de fibras reticulares e poucas fibras elásticas. Os segmentos das artérias testiculares dos funículos espermáticos possuem como comprimento médio, máximo e mínimo, respectivamente, 71,34 , 108,9 e 41,6 cm à direita e 68,78, 110,4 e 41,6 cm à esquerda, não apresentando diferenças estatisticamente significantes ao nível de 5%. O funículo espermático possui forma cônica, achatado látero-lateralmente, com base assentada sobre a margem epididimária do testículo. | We have studied morphologic aspects of 38 pairs of spermatic cord in Pêga donkey, and histologically observed that their components are involved for a slim capsule of dense connective tissue. Bellow this capsule we find internal cremaster muscle that shows distinct layer or arises septate by dense connective tissue invasion. Funicular capsule and muscular tissue form disordered plicae and also some expansions that sometimes are followed for intervascular loose connective tissue. Involving funicular arteries and veins, we identified loose connective tissue with elastic and reticular fibbers, with arteriolae, venulae, nerves and lymphatic. Testicular artery studied has sinuous course, internal tunica formed by endothelium and connective tissue, with outstanding internal elastic limiting lamina. Tunica media shows to be formed for smooth musculature, supported by a rich and orderly net of reticular fibbers and few elastic fibbers, while external tunica, constituted of dense connective tissue, with collagenous and elastic fibbers, has continuity with intervascular loose connective tissue. Testicular veins, involving testicular artery, to form venous pampiniform plexus and show variable caliber, a developed tunica media, constituted of smooth muscular fibbers supported by a irregular net of reticular fibbers and few elastic fibbers. Testicular arteries segments of spermatic cord have mean, maximum and minimum lengths, respectively, of 71.34 cm, 108.9 cm and 41.6 cm at the right, and 68.78 cm, 110.4 cm and 41.6 cm at the left, and do not have statiscally significant differences, at level of 5%. Spermatic cord has a conical shape, latero-laterally flattened, with basis settled over orchis epididymal edge.

Objetivou-se neste estudo verificar radiográfica e morfologicamente a existência de comunicação entre a bolsa do osso navicular (BN) e a articulação interfalangeana distal (AID), estabelecendo sua freqüência, sua forma e identificação das estruturas anatômicas envolvidas no processo. Para tanto, foram utilizados membros torácicos e pélvicos de 16 animais vivos, sendo 8 animais jovens e 8 animais adultos. Contraste iodado era injetado na BN dos membros direitos e na AID dos membros esquerdos. Em seguida, realizavam-se radiografias em projeções látero-medial ou médio-lateral, dorsopalmar ou dorsoplantar, para a constatação de possível comunicação entre as estruturas em questão, que, posteriormente, seriam identificadas por meio da técnica de dissecação. Não foram observadas comunicações entre as estruturas em questão ou qualquer outra na porção distal dos membros, porém, em dois membros torácicos, constataram-se variações morfológicas nas extremidades laterais da BN, caracterizadas por projeções que se estendiam até o terço proximal da falange média, sendo mais pronunciada na face lateral que na medial. | It was aimed in this study to verify radiographically and morphologically the communication existence between the bursa of the bone navicular (BN) and the distal interphalangeal joint (AID), establishing its frequency, its form and identifying the anatomical structures involved in the process. For so much, thoracic and pelvic members of 16 alive animals were used, being 8 young animals and 8 adult animals. Iodized contrast was injected in BN of the right members and in AID of the left members; soon afterwards it was obtained x-rays in projections lateromedial or middlelateral, dorsopalmar or dorsoplantar, for the verification of possible communication between the structures in subject that, together with the involved places, they would be identified through the dissection technique later. Communications were not observed among the structures in subject, however, in two thoracic members, morphologic variations were verified in the lateral extremities of BN, characterized by projections that extended until the third proximal of the medium phalange, being more pronounced in the lateral face than in the medial.

Foram estudados os aspectos morfológicos de nove placentas de paca (Agouti paca, L., 1766) mediante análises em microscopia de luz e eletrônica de transmissão dos fragmentos teciduais correspondentes à porção de maior conexão placentária em diferentes fêmeas gestantes, nos estágios intermediário e final da prenhez. Realizamos este estudo, pois, aliada à necessidade da procura de novas espécies que atuem como modelos experimentais adequados, havia a disponibilidade deste roedor em nosso meio; por outro lado, o melhor conhecimento dos aspectos reprodutivos destes animais oferece subsídios ao estabelecimento de criatórios racionais desta espécie, uma vez que a preservação deste vertebrado é necessária, além do grande interesse comercial em torno de sua carne. Os resultados mostraram que este roedor possui uma placenta do tipo vitelina e outra do tipo corioalantoidiana, sendo este órgão do tipo hemocorial, labiríntico, que se apresenta histologicamente composto por lóbulos divididos em três regiões distintas: o centro do lóbulo, o labirinto e o interlóbulo. Na região do centro do lóbulo, verificou-se a presença de artérias e veias; e em sua região periférica estavam presentes dois sistemas tubulares arranjados de forma paralela, onde as lacunas sangüíneas e os capilares estavam em íntimo contato, formando a região do labirinto. O interlóbulo era composto de artérias e veias. O trofoblasto era o principal componente da placenta, que, independentemente da região onde se encontrava, mostrava-se de natureza sincicial. Ultra-estruturalmente a barreira placentária da paca foi classificada como hemomonocorial. | Morphological aspects of the placenta of paca (Agouti paca, L., 1766) were studied by means of analysis with light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy of tissue samples corresponding to the portion of greatest placental connection of nine placentas in different pregnant females, in intermediary and final phases of pregnancy. We performed this study because there was, associated with the necessity of searching new specimen that might act as fine experimental models, the availability of this rodent in our environment. In the other hand, an improved knowledge of the reproductive aspects of these animals offers subsidizes to the establishment of rational raising centers of this species, since its preservation is necessary, besides the big commercial interest on its meat. The results showed that this rodent presents one vitelline and one chorio-allantoic placenta, which is a hemochorial and labyrinthine organ, histologically composed by lobules divided into three different portions: lobule center, labyrinth, and interlobule. In the lobule center portion the presence of arteries and veins was noticed, and in its peripheral portion there were two tubular systems set in a parallel way, where blood lacunas and capillaries were in close contact, constituting the labyrinth portion. Arteries and veins composed the interlobule. The main component of the placenta was the trophoblast, which independently from its site, presented a syncytio origin. Regarding the ultrastructure, the placenta barrier of paca was classified as hemomonochorial.

Foram avaliados pela reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI) para detecção de anticorpos-IgG anti-Toxoplasma, soros de 191 gatos de 3 diferentes municípios do Estado de São Paulo e um município do Estado do Paraná, enviados ao Serviço de Diagnóstico de Zoonoses, da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, UNESP, Campus de Botucatu. Destes animais, 56 (29,3%) possuíam raça definida e 135 (70,7%) sem raça definida (SRD), sendo 88 (46,1%) fêmeas e 103 (53,9%) machos, com idades variando de dois meses a dezoito anos. Obtiveram-se 37 (19,4%) animais reagentes à RIFI, com títulos de 1/16 (n = 10;27,0%), 1/64 (n = 18;48,6%) e 1/256 (n = 9;24,3%). Não houve associação significativa entre sexo, raça, procedência ou idade (p &gt;; 0,05), entretanto, a taxa de infecção foi maior em animais mais velhos, com 13,2% dos animais entre dois meses e três anos de idade, 23,5% entre três e seis anos, 17,6% entre seis e nove anos, 25% entre nove e doze anos, 20% entre doze e quinze anos e 50% entre quinze e dezoito anos de idade. | Serum samples of 191 cats from 3 cities of São Paulo State and 1 of Paraná State were tested by indirect immunofluorescent assay (IFAT) for anti-toxoplasma IgG antibodies. Of the total, 56 (29.3%) were pure breed cats and 135 (70.7%) were mongrel cats, 88 (46.1%) and 103 (53.9%) were females and males, respectively, with ages ranging from two months to eighteen years. 37 (19.4%) samples reacted positively to IFAT, with 1/16 (n=10; 27.0%), 1/64 (n=18; 48.6%) and 1/256 (n=9; 24.3%) titres. No significant correlation was observed between sex, breed, origin or age (p &gt;; 0.05), however the infection rate was higher in old animals, with 13.2% in animals between two months and three years old, 23.5% between three and six years old, 17.6% between six and nine years old, 25% between nine and 12 years old, 20% between 12 and 15 years old and 50% between 15 and 18 years old.