Volatilization from treated areas is a major source of pesticide residues in air, fog, and rain. This may lead to long-range transport of pesticide residues to remote areas. Up to now most information on pesticide volatilization has come from laboratory experiments under controlled conditions. A new system has been designed and developed to measure the volatile losses of (l4)C-labelled chemicals after application; the method compares with agricultural practice of treating soils or plants grown in lysimeters. Sensitive analytical methods guarantee a distinction between residues of unchanged pesticide, its metabolites or (14)CO2 as a mineralization product released into the air.

The separation and determination of sub-micromol per litre levels of six environmentally significant As compounds was accomplished by means of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) combined online with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The species of interest (arsenite and arsenate, monomethylarsonic acid, dimethylarsinic acid, arsenobetaine and arsenocholine) were quantified in fish and mussel extracts after separation on a Dionex AS7 column equipped with an on-guard AG7 column using a bicarbonate buffer as the mobile phase in a gradient mode. The species thus eluted were directly forwarded to the ICP-MS detector. The detection power of the overall system allows each As form to be determined at concentrations as low a 0.0013 - 0.0027 micromol per litre.

Interpretation of the greenhouse data from the ice cores are sometimes based on rejection of analytical results, and often on assumptions disregarding gas fractionation processes. At present, our understanding of these processes in ice sheets is rather poor. There is a need for experimental studies which would provide the essential physical and chemical parameters needed. Before such studies are carried out, conclusions on low pre-industrial atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases cannot be accepted when deduced from ice core data. High contamination of the inner parts of the ice cores with lead and other metals by the drilling procedure is compelling evidence that the cores do not fulfil the absolutely essential, closed system criterion. Thus, they are not suitable for reconstruction of the composition of pre-industrial and ancient atmosphere.

This comprehensive, interdisciplinary reference explains the basic physical, hydrological, chemical, and biochemical processes and mechanisms governing contaminants in the subsurface vadose zone - an often overlooked problem that is of major worldwide societal concern. Additionally, this important resource provides helpful case studies representing state-of-the-art techniques and contains never-before-published research findings on, and recommendations for solving, groundwater contamination. | Covering a wide spectrum of groundwater contamination sources and their chemical, transport, and release characteristics, Groundwater Contamination and Control considers the preventive as well as corrective approaches in combatting the threat of irreversible groundwater pollution ... explores the challenges faced in remediating and rehabilitating polluted soils and aquifers ... analyzes the legislative aspects that arise when monitoring landfills, spills, and industrial sites ... reviews the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Groundwater Disinfection Rule ... describes the in situ process of on-site remediation ... discusses the political and legal issues involved in cases where aquifers are shared between people or countries ... previews future trends in on-site analysis and monitoring methods ... and much more. | Illustrated with nearly 450 figures, tables, and equations and containing more than 1700 literature citations to facilitate further in-depth study, Groundwater Contamination and Control is essential reading for pollution control, environmental, chemical, industrial, sanitary, and civil engineers; chemists; hydrologists; ecologists; agronomists; environmental scientists; waste management consultants; environmental regulators and government policymakers; and upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in these disciplines.

Introduces various techniques for soil remediation, including chemical fixation/stabilization, soil vapor extraction, thermally enhanced vapor stripping, biodegradation, and air sparging. This title describes the ex shu technique of thermal desorption of soil contaminants - a low-cost alternative to incineration for the removal of organics.