The objective of this study is to develop a large-scale technology for phosphate wastewater management. Laundry activities are one of the largest producing phosphate contaminants by the use of detergent. Various contaminants, such as nutrients of phosphate, chemicals, and pathogens, can pollute the environment and endanger human health. The experiment was conducted by batch method by using water in a stationary or non-flowing state. The results showed that combining phytoremediation technology and monitoring the microalgae growth phase could reduce TSS, pH, BOD5, COD, and phosphate values in wastewater. The treatment in this study was to combine two species of microalgae. Studies have shown that the optimal pH for microalgae is in the range of 7.5. Providing moderate amounts of aeration and CO2 promoted algal growth. The decrease in phosphate levels was 27.86%, with the best phase observation at the fourth hour of exponential time. Water quality evaluation of BOD, COD, and TSS parameters had a decrease of 51.87%, 51.06%, and 52%, respectively. Thus, it can be concluded that the combining of two species of microalgae in the exponential growth phase has been proven to affect and improve the quality of wastewater from laundry waste and meet the quality standards.

The discharge of textile effluents containing azo dyes is critical due to their persistence in wastewater and carcinogenic, mutagenic impacts on aquatic organisms. Considering the toxicity of azo dye, an effective remediation strategy should be applied before disposing into the environment. Among all the advanced techniques like electrochemical degradation, Fenton oxidation, photocatalysis, ozonation, etc., biodegradation using biocatalysts is an eco-friendly and economic process to deal with this problem. Along with advantages, biocatalysts, particularly enzymes, face limitations like instability, single-use restriction, and reduced efficiency under operational conditions. Immobilization addresses these challenges by enhancing enzyme stability, reusability, and catalytic performance. The present study focuses on the development of an efficient bioremediation approach for the removal of Congo red dye from aqueous solutions using peroxidase (HGP) extracted from germinated Macrotyloma uniflorum (horse gram) seedlings. The enzyme was immobilized on polyvinyl alcohol–chitosan beads through epichlorohydrin-mediated crosslinking, enabling its application as a reusable biocatalyst for dye degradation. The immobilization method achieved high efficiency with 96% enzyme retention. The immobilized peroxidase exhibited enhanced stability and was evaluated for its efficacy in degrading Congo red dye. Under optimized conditions, 26 units of immobilized peroxidase achieved complete decolorization (100%) of a 160 mg.L-1 Congo red solution within 10 minutes at 28°C and pH 4. Environmental safety of the degradation products was confirmed through phytotoxicity and microbial growth assessments. Additionally, the immobilized enzyme retained its catalytic activity across eight successive cycles, underscoring its reusability and potential for practical applications in bioremediation of dye-contaminated wastewater. A newly developed biocatalyst demonstrates a simple method of preparation, environmental benignity, biocompatibility, high efficiency, enhanced stability, and facile recyclability.

Groundwater is the primary source of drinking water, but this source is frequently contaminated by heavy metals such as iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) due to contact with metallic minerals in the soil. This contamination not only causes discoloration and the formation of scale that damages pipes but also poses serious health risks, including neurological disorders and even cancer, if consumed over a long period. Some water treatments, such as aeration and filtration, are capable of removing Fe and Mn concentrations in groundwater. This study aims to solve this problem by testing the effectiveness of a combination of venturi aeration and zeolite filtration in reducing each Fe and Mn concentration in groundwater. Variations were made to the venturi aerator’s air hole size with diameters of 12 mm, 10 mm, and 8 mm. During the aeration and filtration process, sampling was conducted at 0 min, 15 min, 30 min, and 60 min. The highest removal Fe and Mn concentration occurred at the 8 mm diameter variation, with a Fe removal efficiency of 97% and an Mn removal efficiency54% during the aeration process. After that, Mn reduction is up to 99% during the filtration process

This study investigates the relationship between green marketing practices and the sustainability performance of manufacturing firms in emerging markets. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from 270 respondents, and the analysis was conducted using Smart PLS-SEM (version 4). The results demonstrate a significant positive relationship between green internal marketing and the overall sustainability performance of the firms. Specifically, green marketing communication was found to positively influence both environmental and social performance, although it did not have a significant effect on financial performance. Likewise, the adoption of green products substantially improved environmental performance but did not significantly impact financial or social performance. Additionally, the study supports a positive association between green strategy implementation and sustainability performance. These findings underscore the critical role of integrating green marketing practices into sustainability initiatives. The research provides valuable insights for managers and policymakers, emphasizing the need for a holistic approach to green marketing to enhance environmental and social outcomes, even if financial benefits are not immediately apparent. This study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on sustainable business practices and offers practical implications for achieving long-term sustainability in manufacturing firms.

Noble metal decorated metal oxide composites have proved to have Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) as a notable approach for efficient light absorption. Herein present work, a new sonochemical method is proposed for in-situ synthesis of noble metal-based CeO2 composites for the sonophotocatalytic degradation of commercial Acephate solution. Pristine CeO2 and Ag@CeO2 with different Ag contents viz. 4, 6 and 8 wt. % were successfully synthesized by a facile in-situ sonochemical approach. The as-synthesized CeO2 and Ag@CeO2 nanocomposites were characterized by various physicochemical characterization techniques, including XRD, FTIR, UV-Vis spectroscopy, BET, and FESEM-EDS. Further, these CeO2 and Ag@CeO2 nanocomposites were employed for photocatalytic, sonocatalytic, and sonophotocatalytic degradation of commercial Acephate solution. Experimental results revealed that the photocatalytic and sonocatalytic processes follow a pseudo-first-order model, whereas the sonophotocatalytic process had a more substantial rate constant compared to the photocatalytic and sonocatalytic one. Further, the kinetics of the study were examined by the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model. Overall, the sonophotocatalytic degradation involving as-synthesized Ag@CeO2 with 6 wt. % Ag content has shown to be the most effective method for the effective degradation of a commercial acephate solution.

Nanotechnology has become one of the most active fields in the research area and is getting more attention toward nanoparticle synthesis. Green synthesis methods using various plants, fungi, bacteria, and algae were used to synthesize nanoparticles with proper requirements and maintain sterile conditions to get the desired products. Aloe vera, a bio-medicinal plant, contains a wide range of phytochemicals such as phenolic, hydroxyl groups, alkaloids, polyols, polysaccharides, etc, which act as reducing and capping agents with high efficiency. This review revealed that aloe vera-derived nanoparticles are safe, stable, cost-effective, and eco-friendly, and they also possess significant applications for drug targeting, disease resistance, tissue engineering, wound healing, anticancer, antibacterial, and cosmetic industries. Synthesized metal nanoparticles are characterized through UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy, photoluminescence, and the Well-diffusion method. It is highly interesting to note that aloe vera-mediated silver and zinc nanoparticles possess high potency against multi-drug resistant pathogens. Here, anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and photocatalytic activity separately showed by aloe vera peel, gel, and leaf, along with possible challenging situations faced during plant extract-based nanoparticle synthesis, are highlighted. Additionally, the introduction of GMOs is subjected to play an important role in advancing green methods. However, more research is required to estimate the dose’s safety, degradation, and synergistic mechanism inside the human body for better use of the green method for the treatment of microbial infections.

The rapid increase in heavy metal accumulation within soil ecosystems has become a significant concern due to various anthropogenic activities such as industrial processes, agricultural practices, and urbanization. These activities have led to elevated levels of heavy metals like lead, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic in the soil, which, when surpassing permissible limits, pose severe toxicological risks to both human health and plant life. Once heavy metals are introduced into the soil, they can be readily absorbed by plants, subsequently entering the food chain and affecting the metabolic activities of humans and animals consuming these contaminated plants. Although trace amounts of heavy metals are naturally present in the soil, their concentration beyond safe thresholds can lead to deleterious effects, including disruption of enzymatic functions, damage to cellular structures, and interference with essential biological processes. Studies have highlighted that children living in urban and industrial areas are particularly vulnerable to heavy metal exposure, which can result in cognitive impairments, developmental delays, and various other health issues. Furthermore, long-term exposure to these metals can lead to chronic diseases such as cancer, kidney dysfunction, and cardiovascular disorders. Given the escalating threat posed by soil metal contamination, it is imperative to implement stringent management practices aimed at maintaining soil chemistry within safe limits. These practices may include the remediation of contaminated sites, the adoption of sustainable agricultural methods, regular monitoring of soil quality, and the use of phytoremediation techniques to mitigate the impact of heavy metals. Ensuring the safe production of food requires a comprehensive understanding of soil dynamics and the integration of innovative strategies to prevent and control heavy metal pollution. Consequently, addressing this environmental challenge is crucial for safeguarding public health, preserving ecological balance, and promoting sustainable development.

In the face of the pressing global issue of waste management and the diminishing availability of natural resources, the management of non-biodegradable waste materials, including brick waste, poses significant challenges. Ineffective disposal practices not only create logistical obstacles but also pose health hazards. This study explores the potential of utilizing waste refractory bricks (RB) as a sustainable substitute for natural fine aggregates in concrete production. Various experimental investigations were conducted to evaluate the feasibility and performance of RB sand in concrete mixtures. Tests included assessments of fresh and hardened properties, such as slump values, compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength, and resistance to elevated temperatures. The research revealed that RB sand, when used as a partial replacement for fine aggregates, can significantly enhance the compressive strength of concrete, with optimal results observed at a 30% replacement level. Moreover, RB-based concrete exhibited improved split tensile strength compared to traditional concrete, particularly at replacement levels of 10% to 30%. Flexural strength also showed notable improvements, with the 40% replacement level demonstrating optimal performance. Additionally, the study investigated the effects of elevated temperatures on concrete specimens and found that RB-based sustainable concrete showed higher compressive strength retention compared to conventional concrete at a 30% replacement level. Furthermore, weight variation analysis indicated that RB-based concrete had a lower density compared to traditional concrete. Overall, the findings suggest that incorporating RB sand in concrete mixtures could offer a promising solution for sustainable construction practices, contributing to environmental conservation and human health preservation by reducing reliance on natural aggregates and minimizing adverse environmental impacts.

Heavy metal (HM) pollution has been a significant issue for the environment and public health. Unmonitored industrial effluents are a major source of HM pollution. However, metallotolerant bacteria thriving in such environments could be potentially useful for bioremediation purposes. In this study, Bacillus cereus IEI-01 was isolated from water samples of Badshahpur Lake, Gurugram, showcasing resilience to HM exposure and thriving under optimal conditions at 37°C and pH 7.0. Morphological and biochemical characterization showed its Gram-positive rod shape and metabolic versatility, including glucose fermentation and nitrate reduction capabilities. Molecular analysis further affirmed its close relation to the Bacillus cereus strain. Dynamic bacterial growth patterns were observed, with typical sigmoidal curves indicating significant growth over 72 h. When exposed to various HMs, the strain IEI-01 exhibited differential tolerance and promoting patterns, with cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) compared to other metals. Over 72 h, the strain exhibited substantial removal rates ranging from 60.64% to 87.43% for Cd and 41.87% to 52.62% for Pb. The concentration-dependent bio-removal efficiency of IEI-01 in Cd-spiked cultures displayed a declining trend with increasing concentrations, with removal rates ranging from 80.23% to 60.72% over the same period. These findings highlight the potential of Bacillus cereus IEI-01 for HM bioremediation, particularly at lower concentrations. Its efficacy in removing Cd and Pb from contaminated environments suggests promising applications in environmental cleanup efforts.

Agriculture has been a vital sector for the majority of people, especially in countries like India. However, the increasing need for food production has led to intensive farming practices that have resulted in the deterioration of soil quality. This deterioration in soil quality poses significant challenges to both agricultural productivity and environmental sustainability. To address these challenges, advanced soil nutrient prediction systems that utilize machine learning and deep learning techniques are being developed. These advanced soil nutrient prediction systems utilize various sources of data, such as soil parameters, plant diseases, pests, fertilizer usage, and changes in weather patterns. By mapping and analyzing these data sources, machine learning algorithms can accurately predict the distribution of soil nutrients and other properties essential for precise agricultural practices. A previous study compared machine learning algorithms like SVM and Random Forest with deep learning algorithms CNN and LSTM for predicting crop yields. The most appropriate model is a significant challenge, but several studies have evaluated recommendation system models using deep machine learning techniques. Deep learning models attain accuracy above 90%, while many ML models achieve rates between 90% and 93%. Furthermore, the research seeks to propose specific crop suggestions grounded in soil nutrients for precision agriculture to enhance crop productivity.