cadmium usually enter the environment and water resources through wastewater, released by various industries, and may have adverse effects. The current study employs surface of bentonite clay available locally in order to remove cadmium In solutions contaminated with this type of ions, in order to research on a surface with a high ability to adsorption of cadmium (II) ions, study Some factors affect the adsorption process on bentonite clay, such as contact time, pH the solution, Adsorbent particle size, Initial concentration of solutions and temperature of the solution were examined in the a batch process mode. The amount of adsorbed Cd (II) increased with height temperature, the optimum adsorption pH was about 6.5. Under this condition, the percent removal was 95.17%. The adsorption  isotherms were studied and  the results of adsorption processes were more fitted with Friendlich model rather than Langmuir adsorption model. Thermodynamic study showed that,  ΔH was endothermic, ΔG is found to be negative That is, the process is automatic and  ΔS was found to be positive. The current study also involves  practical application using bentonite to get rid of Cd(II) ions  to  from wastewater of Hamdan's station of the Basra- iraq, The results indicate high affinity (97.84%) removal of Cd(II) ions.

Random and unscientific disposal of municipal waste is an important factor affecting the geotechnical characteristics and concentrations of heavy metals in the soil. Unconfined compressive strength, Atterberg limit, and maximum dry density tests were included. These tests were designed to determine the effects of open waste dumps on geotechnical properties and the concentration of heavy metals in the underlying open dump soil. Soil samples collected from the landfill at Al-Sayyahia Village, Babylon Governorate, showed changes in the rates of geotechnical properties evaluation, as the value of the confined compressive strength decreased by high rates from 54 to 22 kN/m2. As well, when comparing the maximum values of dry density of samples from the control site, neighboring the landfill, the average value decreased from 1.91 to 1.74 gm/cm3. Chemical tests revealed that the pH and organic matter percentages in the open dump soil samples were significantly higher than in the control site. These percentages ranged from 9.67% and 2.542% to 7.4% and 0.215%, respectively. In addition, the average value of electrical conductivity was 5.6 mS/cm in the open dump soil, whereas in the control site was 3.6 mS/cm. Iron, lead, Copper, Nickel, Chrome, Zinc, Cadmium, and Arsenic have average concentrations of 4.64%, 14.02, 44.86, 236.36, 278.36, 95.26, 2.034, and 13.84 ppm, respectively. They are higher at open landfill sites than in control site samples.

Chemical degradation-based methods including oxidation have shown great promise for controlling benzene, toluene, ethylbenzeneandxylene isomers (BTEX) in waste gas. This study presents an approach in which the emission of BTEX compounds in a bituminous waterproofing (BW) production unit located in the city of Delijan, Iran has been controlled through process modification. The process is modified by introducing a thermal oxidation unit using an incinerator design. The process simulation has been performed with Aspen Hysys software and, key parameters in the oxidation process are identifiedandoptimized. Finally, the environmentalandeconomic performances of the incinerator were assessed to provide a decision support tool for the selection of this approach. Finally, the environmentalandeconomic performances of the incinerator have been assessed to provide a decision support tool for the selection of this approach. The results indicated that the formation of the oxidation unit had prevented the release of BTEX pollutants up to 98.5%. Moreover, the economic analysis illustrated that the rate of return on investment in the proposed project is 0.27. Thus, the potential for attracting capital will have positive impacts on the environmentalandeconomic indicators of the region.

An important practice in environmental risk management is assessing the consequences of heavy metal concentrations resulting from a mine dam tailing failure on soil, water, and trees. To appraise the extent of pollution, an effective classification is essential. In this study, trace element contamination is handled as a two-group classification problem and examined the performance of supervised regularization algorithms as spatial classifiers using imbalanced uncertain data. In addition to conventional shrinkage algorithms such as Ridge, the Lasso and Elastic-Net, the generalized t-statistic-based U-Lasso classifiers have been introduced and tested for mitigating such imbalances and adjusting weights for class distributions. The feature interpretation studies underlined that the most important indicator of the models is Zinc (Zn). The experimental studies revealed that the Ridge classifier (l2 penalty) outperforms the other models. Statistically, the U-Lasso models exhibited notable explanation capacity and their performances recorded close to the conventional shrinkage algorithms. The use of statistical learning-based classification approach to appraise geo-environmental contamination under the conditions of natural variability and spatial uncertainty provides useful meta-data and reliable classification models.

The authors propose a methodology for assessing the sources of microplastic pollution (particles 0.5-5 mm in size), which makes it possible to differentiate coastal recreational areas according to the degree of vulnerability to microplastic accumulation. The methodology takes into account the sources of microplastics coming to the beach directly from vacationers - factors of recreational activities, as well as the influence of factors of the adjacent territory: the type of adjacent territory, saturation with transport infrastructure, etc. An analysis of the results of monitoring the microplastic concentration in beach and bottom sediments of seven beaches of the Sevastopol region with varying degrees of anthropogenic load during 2018–2020, as well as an assessment of the sources of microplastic pollution on these beaches using the proposed methodology, made it possible to differentiate these coastal recreational areas according to the degree of vulnerability to accumulation of microplastic pollution. The most vulnerable are the beaches that are actively visited by tourists and located in close proximity to large blocks of apartment buildings and extensive transport infrastructure (Pesochniy and Omega). The beaches Konstantinovsky and Goryachka (placed close tothe thermal power station), located in the zone of active navigation of ships of various tonnage, are confined to areas of low and moderate pollution. The main stream of vacationers on them are local residents with a high turnover rate. The least vulnerable are the beaches with park areas: Uchkuevka, Solnechny and Zolotoy. The source of microplastic pollution on these beaches is mainly vacationers.

Efficiency of environmental resources is one of the goals of the sustainable development of a building and its sanitation. Sanitation efficiency was sought through hybrid offsite system, which was a decentralization of sanitation services. This study proposed a hybrid onsite system combining phytoarchitecture and phytosanitation, which empowers renewable building plants to improve resource efficiency, as well as sustainable building environmental health. Based on various empirical studies on sanitation management in rural and urban areas in many places, this retrospective study identified three wastewater disposal efficiencies. It was through quantity distribution, environmental media in which the greywater could be discharged, and quality treatment. The results marked the feasibility of wastewater services for greywater treatment, which served at least 75% of the wastewater quantity. Its main contribution was related to the distribution of discharge to all environmental media, and the improvement of the quality of greywater at its disposal. Building plants could be used for hybrid onsite system, thereby making these plants multifunctional to maintain the quality of the building environment. This hybrid onsite phytosanitation system covered various feasibility features compared to other existing systems. Implementation was flexible for new provisions and adaptation to existing systems for both urban and rural areas. Thus, the service maintained sustainable buildings and environmental health.

Petroleum contains carcinogens and toxic substances that can have an unfavorable impact on environmental quality and human health when the soil becomes contaminated with crude oil.  BBiostimulation and bioaugmentation are the main strategies in the bioremediation of oil-contaminated soils. To decompose old-aged petroleum pollution in saline soil, a full factorial experiment was utilized. The experiment was designed using a completely randomized design with four factors: bacterial inoculum, sugarcane bagasse, chemical fertilizer, and molasses. The application of these factors was conducted in four separate experiments: pretreatment of agricultural soil and spent mushroom compost, pretreatment of spent mushroom compost, pretreatment of agricultural soil, and no pretreatment. After a 60-day incubation period at 28 ˚C, the results showed that the organic wastes of molasses and spent mushroom compost in combination with bacterial inoculum reduced total petroleum hydrocarbons 38 and 33.3%, respectively. Molasses had a considerable impact on increasing the efficiency of bacterial inoculum 1 and bacterial inoculum 3. Similarly, spent mushroom compost was found to significantly affect bacterial inoculum 1. In addition, bagasse was observed to accelerate the bioremediation process by improving the physical conditions of the soil. In the pretreatment of agricultural soil, bagasse in combination with bacterial inoculum 1 and chemical fertilizer reduced the total petroleum hydrocarbons significantly (38%) compared to the control treatment. These results highlight the effectiveness of organic wastes as biostimulation agents in promoting the growth and reproduction of the soil microbial community, as well as establishing the bacterial inoculum.

Real-time monitoring of Black Carbon and Particulate Matter was done by Aerosol Black Carbon Detector (ABCD) and GRIMM portable aerosol Spectrometer in Agra at five different locations (R1, R2 traffic and R3, R4, R5 residential road sites). Major portion of PM mass was contributed by PM10 followed by PM2.5 and PM1.0. Major portion of PM in number mode is contributed by PM10=PM0.25 followed by PM5.0 =PM0.5, PM1.0, and PM2.5. All the PMs mass and number concentration was highly associated with the R1 site due to the vehicular and other anthropogenic activities and was least at R5 except for PM10. The highest concentration of BC was found at R2 site followed by R1 while During the sampling events NO2 and O3 was found highest at R2 site followed by R1. The source of BC, PMs, NO2, O3 at R1& R2 may be vehicular activities, population activities, crowded area, and industrial activities. BC contribution in PM1.0 was highest followed by PM2.5. The children category in the traffic site has high PM deposition mass visualization as compared to the residential road site so they are highly affected by lung diseases instead of the residential road site children category. From health risk assessment results, it was found that no population was at non-carcinogenic risk from chronic exposure to PM10 while children may be at possible risk from acute exposure. However, cancerous risk assessment showed that both children and adult were at risk from exposure of PM2.5 and may develop cancerous diseases.

Clogging of the drainage layer is the main reason for the inefficiency and failure of the leachate collection system in municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills. One of the most important challenges in the design and operation of landfills is to identify the factors affecting the drainage layer clogging and the extent of their influence especially in the real scale. In this study, five experimental columns were designed to investigate the effective factors on the clogging of the drainage system in the MSW landfills, making it possible to measure the effect of different parameters on the drainage layer clogging through simulating the real conditions. The designed columns are capable to apply the boundary conditions of the MSW landfill including temperature, pressure, and leachate recirculation as well as measuring the permeability of drainage layer. High strength real leachate recirculated in the experimental columns to monitor the degree of drainage layer clogging through the regular measurement of permeability in the different columns. The results showed hydraulic conductivity of the drainage layer decreased between 20 to 50 percent in different samples over time. Although the particle size of drainage materials directly influences the reduction of hydraulic conductivity, the common concentration of calcium carbonate in the materials of the drainage layer does not considerably affect this issue. Formation of biofilm in the drainage layer was observed through scanning electron microscope (SEM) and visual inspection in all columns indicating the proper performance of clogging process simulator which is designed and developed in this research.

A potential hazard is anything that could potentially cause damage, accident, injury, loss, or even death due to the system or work processes. Hazards in the work environment are due to physical, biological, chemical, and psychosocial factors. One of the chemical factors hazards in the work environment that require control is the level of dust in the air environment at work. High levels of dust can cause health problems for workers. These health problems can cause dust allergies, impaired lung function, and other lung function disorders due to the dust that can eventually reduce worker productivity. Out of all industries, the manufacturing industries are usually high in dust content. During the manufacturing process, it is crucial to maintain efforts in controlling risk factors. This research aims to develop a tool that can reduce the air dust level in the industrial environment. Therefore, this study tries to apply an electrostatic precipitator with electrode distance variations to reduce dust levels in the manufacturing industry. The results of this study are the dust content reduction percentage, an electrode distance of 4 cm resulted in 52.3% to 64.9%, electrode distance of 6 cm is 35.5% to 46.7%, while an electrode distance of 8 cm is 16.6% to 26.7%. There is a difference in the electrodes effect of 4 cm, 6 cm, and 8 cm with a decrease in dust levels in the air. The most effective electrode distance in decreasing the air dust level is a 4 cm distance.