Djendjen River is one of the largest rivers in the region of Jijel (Algeria). Human activities such as urban discharges, industrial, agricultural, and livestock have significant effects on the quality of water. The present study attempts to evaluate the quality of water along the banks of the Djendjen River at different sampling sites, using physico-chemical and bacteriological methods. The collected samples are analyzed per standard method parameters and measured in situ. The mean values of the physico-chemical parameters of the river water samples are consistently lower than the levels, certified by the Algerian standard (exept for pH and PO43-). The total and fecal coliform surpasses the Algerian standard limits (0 cfu/ 100 ml) at all sites, signifying that without treatment the water is unsuitable for human consumption. Results reveal that water quality of the Djendjen River is generally affected by the anthropogenic activities, taking place along its banks. The moderate organic pollution (OPI= 2-2.6) and high faecal contamination (MQI=3-3.25) of water in the study area has adverse impacts on the environment and public health, which requires a combined treatment (biological and physicochemical).

The present study aims to have a comparative study of the results, from biological monitoring as well as conventional method, based on physico-chemical variables. Water quality index (WQI) and planktonic diatom metrics have been used to determine water quality and ecological conditions of the Dong Nai River (DNR) and Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) to find out the main environmental variables that regulate the phytoplankton community. A total of 51 planktonic diatom species, belonging to 23 genera, have been identified during the study period. Fragillaria was the most dominant diatom in the upper course site, while the Aulacoseira was the most dominant species in the middle and lower ones. One-way ANOVA showed that the mean of turbidity, ammonium, nitrate, and phosphate were significantly different (P<0.05) among upper, middle, and lower course sites in both dry and wet seasons. The WQI showed that water quality in the Dong Nai River was classified in medium level at all sites, while water quality varied from good, moderate, to low level, based on the Biological Diatom Index (BDI) values. CCA indicated that nutrients (PO43-, NO3-, NH4+) and turbidity were the most important factors, regulating the variation in structure of the planktonic community. In this study, the BDI has been applied for the first time to bio-monitor water quality in Vietnam. The sensitivity of the BDI to environmental stressors, supported the use of this index to bio-monitor surface water in tropical regions.

With a mean precipitation rate, much lower than that of the world, Iran is among the countries that face severe water challenges. The present study has dealt with the evaluation of hydrochemistry of Faryab spring water in Hormozgan Province, Iran. Four different composite water samples have been analyzed to detect major anions, cations, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, pH, and sodium absorption ratio. The dominant water type was detected as sodium-chloride, with remarkable high concentration of sodium and chloride ions that makes it unfit for drinking purposes. Regarding irrigation use, high values of electrical conductivity (29989 to 31983 µS/cm) and sodium absorption ratio (SAR) (58.1 to 61) indicate a very high risk level for salinity and sodium alkali hazards, respectively. Abundance of secondary minerals such as halite and gypsum is considered to be the main reason for remarkably-high TDS values. Intensity of salt domes within the area would also facilitate solution/dissolution process of Na+ and Cl- into water column.

Seasonal variation in water quality of Anchar Lake was evaluated using multivariate statistical techniques- principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA). Water quality data collected during 4 seasons was analyzed for 13 parameters. ANOVA showed significant variation in pH (F3 = 10.86, P < 0.05), temperature (F3 = 65, P <0.05), Electrical conductivity (F3 = 32.72, P <0.05), Calcium (F3 = 36.84, P <0.05), Magnesium (F3 = 16.52, P <0.05), nitrate-nitrogenSeasonal variation in water quality of Anchar Lake has been evaluated, using two multivariate statistical techniques, namely Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Cluster Analysis (CA). Water quality data, collected during four seasons, have been analyzed for 13 parameters and ANOVA has shown that pH (F3= 10.86, P < 0.05), temperature (F3 = 65, P < 0.05), electrical conductivity (F3= 32.72, P < 0.05), Calcium (F3= 36.84, P < 0.05), Magnesium (F3= 16.52, P < 0.05), nitrate-nitrogen (F3= 48.06, P < 0.05), ammonical nitrogen (F3 =198.75, P < 0.05), and dissolved oxygen (F3= 4.96, P < 0.05) varied by season, whereas the substantial variations of sodium (F2= 7.18, P <0.05), phosphate-phosphorous (F2= 25.31, P < 0.05), biological oxygen demand (F2= 11.02, P < 0.05), and chemical oxygen demand (F2=37.73, P < 0.05) were based on different sites. CA has grouped the three sampling sites throughout the four seasons into three clusters of similar water quality as relatively Less-Polluted (LP), Medium-Polluted (MP), and Highly-Polluted (HP). In addition, PCA has been applied on the extract to recognize the factors, responsible for water quality variations in four seasons of the year, resulting in four principal components for winter, summer, and autumn, five ones for spring, accounting for 79.58%, 89.07%, 83.34%, and 93.13% of total variance respectively. Thus the factors, responsible for water quality variation, are mainly related to domestic wastewaters, seasonal variation, agricultural runoff, and catchment geology. These results will help decision-makers better understand the influence of various factors on water quality and manage pollution/eutrophication adaptively in Anchar Lake.

The Nematodes are roundworms that are found in every environment of the earth. While some species are harmful parasites, others play a vital role in nutrient cycle and medical research. Nematode infestation in the fields is poly-specific; however, depending on the agro-climatic conditions, one or two species are dominant over the rest. The present studies attempts to observe and control the root knot infestation on spinach (Spinacea oleracea), which belong to Chenopodiaceous family and is extensively cultivated in India for its nutritious leaves. Various organic metabolites have been estimated in root knot nematode infested spinach, including chlorophyll, total carbohydrates, and total free amino acids. Spinach plants, infested with root knot nematode, have been treated with peels of lemon, which proved beneficial in terms of increased chlorophyll content. Altered total carbohydrate and total free amino acid content have been found with S/4 of lemon-peel-treated spinach plants. It has been found that the infested spinach shows 137.5% carbohydrate content over the normal plants. The kaghzi neemboo amended spinach contains lower carbohydrate than normal-control. Rate of carbohydrate contents has been found to be inversely proportional to the rate of extracts concentrations as S/4, S/2, and S show 92.5%, 55%, and 37.5% increase over normal-control spinach. The bio-amendment of citrus aurantifolia, (kaghzi neemboo) helps controlling root knot nematodes, which is more beneficial than using chemicals to control the same, as the chemical fertilizer causes pollution, exerting negative impacts on flora and fauna.

The management of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in Nigeria and most developing countries has remained a major public health challenge, thus creating the need for reliable and environmentally-acceptable alternatives. This study focuses on composting assessment as a viable recovery alternative for MSW in six States of Southwest Nigeria, namely: Ekiti, Osun, Ondo, Ogun, Oyo, and Lagos. Extensive literature review has been carried out to understand the waste generation patterns in these states. Reported literature data has been assessed for sustainability of composting strategy in terms of organic waste streams, amenable of biotransformation as well as in terms of return through energy saving and material recovery. A life-cycle framework has been used to estimate GHG emissions, available nutrients, and potential compost production, instead of landfill in each region. Results show significant potential compost production of 895,659-, 255,267-, 153,423-, 117,468-, 113,094- and 112, 397-m3/yr for Lagos, Oyo, Ogun, Osun, Ondo, and Ekiti, respectively. It has been deduced from the study that composting would be very beneficial to the economy as its product would boost agriculture production while reducing the budget spent on fertilizer annually.

The current study assesses the effect of fibrous clay minerals’ amendments and arbuscular mycorrhiza incubation on heavy metal uptake and translocation in Eucalyptus grandis and Ailanthus altissima plants. For doing so, Eucalyptus and ailanthus trees have been grown in a soil sample, contaminated with heavy metal iron ore mining and collected from southern Iran. The area under study is arid, with the majority of trees being ailanthus and eucalyptus. Amounts of Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, and Mn have initially been at toxic levels which declined after cultivation. Fibrous clay minerals have been added to soils as a natural adsorbent to adsorb heavy metals like Pb, Cd, Zn, and Mn. Accumulation of the elements in the roots and shoots has been in the following order: Cu>Zn>Mn>Cd>Pb>Fe. The organ metal concentrations have not statistically translocated from roots to shoots of plants, except for Zn and Cu whose concentrations have been significantly higher in roots. Eucalyptus is well capable of extracting elements from contaminated soils, compared to ailanthus, particularly in case of Cu and Cd. The percentage of mycorrhizal colonization proves to be more in pots with ailanthus plants grown in contaminated soil, suggesting enhanced effect of high metal concentrations on plant infection by G. mosseae. AMF assists soil remediation by enhancing the growth and retention of toxic elements by ailanthus, while no substantial change has been observed between inoculated and non-inoculated eucalyptus plants by AFM, regarding translocation of elements to plants. The possibility of increasing metal accumulation in roots is interesting for phytoremediation purposes, since most high-producing biomass plants, such as eucalyptus, retain heavy metals in roots.

The present study analyzes air quality for Carbon monoxide (CO), in Esfahan with the measurements taken in three different locations to prepare average data in the city. The average concentrations have been measured every 24 hours, every month and every season with the results showing that the highest concentration of CO occurs generally in the morning and at the beginning of night, while the least concentration has been found in the afternoon and early morning. Monthly concentrations of CO show the highest values in August and the lowest values in February. The seasonal concentrations show the least amounts in spring, while the highest amounts belong to summer. Relations between the air pollutant and some meteorological parameters have been calculated statistically, using the daily average data. The data include Temperature (min, max), precipitation, Wind Direction (max), Wind Speed (max), and Evaporation, considered independent variables. The relations between the pollutant concentration and meteorological parameters have been expressed by multiple linear regression equations for both annual and seasonal conditions, using SPSS software. Analysis of variance shows that both regressions of ‘enter’ and ‘stepwise’ methods are highly significant, indicating a significant relation between the CO and different variables, especially for temperature and wind speed in annual condition. RMSE test shows that among different prediction models, stepwise model is the best option.

The occurrence of contaminants in wastewaters, and their behavior during wastewater treatment and production of drinking water are key issues to re-use water resources. The present research aims to remove caffeine from aqueous solutions via adsorption technique, using Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) as an adsorbent under different experimental conditions. The processing variables such as pH (2-12), contact time (1-30 min), initial concentration of caffeine (2-314 mg/L), temperature (25, 50, 80 °C), and adsorbent mass (0.02-0.15 g) have been investigated with equilibrium and kinetic studies on adsorption of caffeine onto MWCNTs being also developed. Maximum caffeine removal has been obtained at pH=7 and adsorption equilibrium has been achieved in 5 min. The use of pseudo second-order kinetic model with determination coefficient of 99.3% (R2=0.993), has made the adsorption kinetics to be well fitted. The caffeine equilibrium adsorption data have been best fitted to Langmuir-Freundlich Model with a relatively high determination coefficient of 96.5% (R2=0.965) and maximum adsorption capacity of 35.61 mg/g of caffeine on MWCNTs. The thermodynamic parameters display that the adsorption of caffeine onto MWCNTs has been non-spontaneous and endothermic in nature.

This research aims to study the effect of Mycorrizal fungus and Plant-Growth-Promoting Bacteria (PGPB) on Cadmium (Cd) uptake by one-year-old Eucalyptus Camaldulensis seedlings. The treatments have involved three levels of heavy metal (0, 30, and 60 mg/kg) for Cd, and three bacterial levels (no bacteria (B0), Bacillus (Ba105), and Pseudomonas (Ps36, Ps448)), inoculated with mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae (M1) and non-inoculated with fungus (M0). Results show that absorption of these elements in plant increased as Cd concentration in soil became more. Inoculation by Ps448 bacteria had an incremental effect on Cd uptake by 90%, compared to the non-inoculated (control) samples. Moreover, inoculation of the plants with mycorrhizal fungus increased Cd uptake by 24%, compared to the control. Also, it has been observed that plant resistance to metal stress and plant growth under such conditions ascended in treatments wherein inoculation happened with mycorrhizal fungus and bacteria. The highest Cd heavy metal uptake has been observed in Eucalyptus (shoots and roots), treatment (C2B2M1) with 648.19 micrograms per one seedling in pot. According to the obtained results, Eucalyptus with biological factors (fungi and bacteria) has the ability to clean and purify the contaminated soil with Cd heavy metal.