Agrifood systems are facing significant challenges, science and innovation are key to shift the trajectory towards ensuring sustainability and resilience. Thus, scaling assumes a critical role in agricultural research for development (AR4D). Scaling consists of a continuous process in which innovations are tailored, used, and embedded into societal dynamics adapted to various contexts, aiming to create widespread positive impacts. This systematic literature review explores scaling within the context of AR4D, with a particular focus on the role of social capital. Using bibliometric and factor analysis methods, we identified the intellectual structure in the field of scaling, revealing the knowledge domains and disciplines that have determined their emergence and growth as a scientific discipline. Then, we analyzed the role of social capital in the scaling literature. Our results showed that the field of scaling is composed by four distinct literature clusters: the innovation and adoption of agricultural technology, the economics of technology adoption, sustainability in agricultural innovations, and the emergence of scaling as a research field. Disciplines such as sustainable agriculture, systemic thinking, technological transitions, and technology adoption have contributed to the development of the field. The results indicate that the explicit consideration of social capital in the scaling literature within AR4D is limited despite the importance of relationships, trust, and reciprocity values in the process of scaling. This study highlights the continuous growth and multidisciplinary nature of scaling as a research field in AR4D, reflecting its complexity. International agricultural research centers and universities from developed countries have significantly advanced this field, also underlying the importance of locally rooted, and participatory research. Future research on the creation, development, and strengthening of social capital in scaling processes can contribute foster intentional and responsible scaling of AR4D innovations.

This paper analyses food consumption in rural households of forest zones. Based on a panel survey of 80 households in Cameroon, expenditure-elasticities of demand for roots and tubers are estimated and compared with those of other staples. Yam and cassava are the two most important root and tuber crops grown in Africa. The expenditure elasticity estimates for yam revealed that the domestic market potentials are high in forest zone for this crop, while in the case of cassava, it was established that the extent to which the potential market will be expanded, would depend on which degree the quality of the dry products can be improved

The content of reducing sugars can be 30% higher if modified amylase is added to scald. Investigations were carried out with the rye-flour and fine flour scald. Photometrical method was used as a standard method for the determination of reducing sugars. Enzymes were inactvated using the advanced method. Results show, that the amount of reducing sugars is 1.8% lower in rye-flour and 2.1% lower in fine flour compare to the results obtained using the standard method.

In plot trials, seeded in a pure stand without a cover crop, tetraploid red clover varieties bred at Jogeva - 'Varte' (early) and 'Ilte' (late), outyielded the diploid standard varieties in crude protein yield at optimal harvest schedule by 30.8% as an average of two production years (the yields 2255 and 1724 kg ha*[-1), respectively) and 14.9% (the yields 2073 and 1804 kg ha*[-1), respectively), by 26.3% as an average of three production years (the yields 2254 and 1785 kg ha*[-1), respectively) and 28.4% (the yields 2173 and 1693 kg ha*[-1), respectively). Considering the crude protein content of dry matter and crude protein yield, a three-cut harvesting regime should be applied in early tetraploid red clover varieties to attain the best result. Then the first cut should be taken at the budding stage, the second at early bloom of regrowth and the third cut prior to the commencement of night frosts. The late tetraploid red clover varieties should be harvested twice-the first cut at the budding stage and the second cut prior to the first night frosts. The larger crude protein yield of tetraploid varieties was caused mainly by their higher dry matter yield; it was affected to a lesser extent by the crude protein content of dry matter. Yet, the tetraploid varieties exceeded in majority of harvest times the diploid varieties in dry matter's crude protein content but the excess was mainly insignificant.