This experiment was conducted in Antsokia Gemza district, Ethiopia in 2017/18 to evaluate the effect of intra-row spacing on bulb quality and storability of onion varieties. A 4×4 factorial experiment with four different varieties (Adama Red, Bombay Red, Melkam and Shendi) and four levels of intra-row spacing (5.00, 7.50, 10.00 and 12.50 cm) was laid on randomized complete block design with three replications. Data were collected on bulb quality attributes and storability and subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using statistical analysis system (SAS) computer software 9.1. The mean separation test was done by list significant difference (LSD) test at 5% probability level. Simple linear correlation analyses between and among the different parameters were made using Pearson Correlation Coefficient. Accordingly, most of the parameters were significantly affected by intra-row spacing and variety. Variety Melkam exhibited the highest bulb diameter, bulb length, bulb dry matter content and bulb fresh weight. Melkam and Adama Red were with the lowest weight loss in storage while Bombay Red and Shendi scored the highest weight loss in storage. Most of the bulb quality parameters were significantly highest at the widest intra-row spacing of 10.00 and 12.50 cm. However, there was no significant variation between 7.50 and 10.00 cm intra-row spacing on average bulb weight which is considered as the most important bulb quality parameter for the producers from the market point of view. Weight loss was higher at the widest intra-row spacing for all varieties. Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that the bulb quality and storability of onion in Antsokia Gemza district can be optimized through cultivating variety Melkam at intra-row spacing of 7.5 cm.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, zeytin çekirdeği antioksidan bileşiklerinden elde edilen mikroenkapsüllerin su aktivitesi, renk, partikül özellikleri, yığın özellikleri ve rekonstitüsyon özelliklerinin belirlenmesi ve mikrokapsüllerin -20°C, 4°C ve 25°C olmak üzere üç farklı sıcaklıkta 6 ay süre ile depolanmasıyla polifenol ve antioksidan içeriğindeki değişimin kinetik modellemeyle incelenmesidir. Mikrokapsüllerin 0,43 su aktivitesi değerine, az kırmızılık içeren parlak açık sarı renge ve homojen olmayan oyuklu partiküllere sahip olduğu gözlenmiştir. Higroskobik (%32,47) ve yüksek kekleşme özelliğine (%61,32) sahip olduğu, ıslanabilirlik (52 dk) ve dağılabilirliğinin (%34,44) düşük olduğu ve uygun yığın yoğunluğu (0,26 g/cm3) ve sıkıştırılmış yoğunluk (%0,33 g/cm3) değerlerini sergilediği belirlenmiştir. Mikrokapsüllerin akabilirlik (CI:22,65) ve yapışkanlık (HR:1,29) davranışları kabul edilebilir düzeydedir. Ayrıca depolama sonucunda polifenol ve antioksidan içeriğindeki değişimin (yüzey polifenol miktarı ve mikroenkapsülasyon etkinliği hariç) birinci dereceden kinetik modelle en iyi açıklanabildiği bulunmuştur. Her depolama sıcaklığında incelen tüm bileşiklere ait kinetik katsayılar (reaksiyon hız sabiti (k), yarılanma süresi (t1/2) ve Q10 değeri) hesaplanmıştır. Depolama boyunca mikrokapsüllerin polifenol ve antioksidan içeriğindeki korunumun en iyi olduğu sıcaklığın 4°C, en kötü olduğu sıcaklığın ise -20°C olduğu belirlenmiştir. Zeytin çekirdeği antioksidan bileşiklerinden elde edilen mikroenkapsüllerin özellikle 4°C’de depolanan gıdaların hem fonksiyonelliğinin artırılması hem de raf ömrünün uzatılması amacıyla kullanıma uygun olduğu düşünülmektedir.

Mastitis is an economically important disease of intensive buffalo dairy farming worldwide. Detection of subclinical mastitis (SCM) is important for its management and control. The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of reproductive disorders, SCM and udder health management practices in the buffalo dairy farms of Bhola District, Bangladesh. Data on animal demographics, reproduction status, daily milk yield and status of California Mastitis Test (CMT) result were recorded. A total of 402 buffaloes were observed in two farms at Bhola district and among them 70 milking buffaloes were randomly selected for CMT. The overall prevalence of SCM in buffalo was 20.0%. Young age group of buffaloes was more susceptible for SCM and it was not significant difference. Parity and stage of lactation have no any effect on SCM. However, abortion case was more susceptible to SCM than other diseases but not any significant difference. During milking the milkers never use any antiseptic solution for washing the udder and never use any feed supply during milking. Among the isolated organisms Staphylococcus spp. and E. coli were found more frequent in the study area and gentamicin and ciprofloxaclin were most sensitive to the isolated organisms. From this study it was concluded that buffalo’s udder was very resistance to SCM infection and udder management practice was very poor. Common antibiotics were resistance to isolated organisms from SCM case. Gentamicin and ciprofloxacin were found more susceptible against all four isolated organisms.

In this study, the responses of 20 different bean genotypes (13 pole and 7 dwarf) to salt (NaCl) stress at 0 mM, 25 mM and 50 mM were investigated. Salt application was performed together with irrigation water in the same time every day during 4 days. In the study, which was prepared according to randomized plot design with 3 replications, the plants were grown in the pots containing peat-perlite in a ratio of 2:1 under climatic conditions of 23±2°C. Root dry matter, root fresh and dry weight and some nutrient contents (Phosphorus-P, Copper-Cu, Zinc-Zn, Manganese-Mn, Iron-Fe and Magnesium-Mg) were investigated in order to determine salinity tolerance in bean genotypes. The data obtained from the study revealed that salt stress responds differently in both genotypes and applications. When the average of applications of 25 mM and 50 mM salt stress was examined, it was found that while root fresh and dry weight, root dry matter (%) and Fe content increased compared to control group, Mn and P content decreased. Among the genotypes exposed to salt stress, while four genotypes [two pole (numbered as 13 and 19) and two dwarf (numbered as 8 and 11)] were determined to be tolerant to salt, 3 genotypes [one pole (numbered as 14) and two dwarf (numbered as 18 and 20)] were evaluated as sensitive.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects on some serum parameters of wheat and corn gluten diet, which is also a high protein source. A total of 24 male rats aged 20 days and divided into 3 groups, each containing 8 rats were used in the study. The majority of the protein content in the diet of soybean meal as a Control group; in the diet of wheat gluten as a Wheat group; in the diet of corn gluten as a Corn group were composed. At the end of the study, blood samples taken from all animals were analysed. In the study, serum glucose, TP, urea, creatinine and BUN levels were found to be significantly decreased in Corn group compared to Wheat group. Serum ALT levels were similar with the Control and Wheat groups, but it was found to be significantly decreased in the Corn group. Serum AST levels were significantly lower in the Corn group. Serum GGT levels were significantly lower in both Corn and Wheat groups compared to Control group. Serum Ca and P levels were similar with all groups, whereas Mg levels were significantly decreased in Wheat and Corn groups compared to the Control group. As a result, it can be said that corn gluten added to the diet has more positive effects than wheat gluten in terms of both liver enzyme activities (AST, ALT and GGT) and renal parameters (Urea and BUN).

Genetic improvement in components of economic importance along with maintaining a sufficient amount of variability is always the desired objective in the any maize (Zea mays L.) breeding program which will be handled under the conditions of Haramaya, Eastern Ethiopia. Therefore, an experiment was conducted using (27) and (3) check/control varieties to determine the genetic variability of maize genotypes at Haramaya, eastern Ethiopia. The study results revealed that significantly the tallest plant heights for (PH) were recorded from (3) (170 cm) and (18) (167.5 cm) genotypes whereas the shortest PH were recorded from (13) (117.5 cm) and (23) genotypes (120 cm). Good plant aspects (PA) were obtained from genotype 12, 22 and 26 (PA-1.5) and poor PA were attained from genotype 1 (PA-2.5). Besides, genetic and phenotypic variances were estimated for seven components. The highest genotypic coefficients variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficients of variation (PCV) were calculated from grain yield (GY – 23.39%). Comparatively the higher GY were attained from the genotypes of 3, 9 and 12. It can be concluded that almost all components of the PCV are greater than the GCV. Superior selected genotypes are recommended to the researchers /breeders to develop disease resistant and high yielder varieties to increase maize production by farmers under Haramaya and other similar agroecologies.

In order to gain competitive advantage in national and international markets through globalization, make the competition sustainable, produce products with advanced technologies and innovative activities and make a flexible production in line with changing demand make firms and / or sectors advantageous in global competition. This study aimed at analyzing a competitive analysis of fruit sector through the Diamond Model developed by Michael Eugene Porter in order to demonstrate national and sectoral competitiveness. For this purpose, the current situation of fruit sector, which is an important economic activity in Isparta, was put forward and analyzed its competition level was discussed. The necessary data for the Diamond Model were gathered through face-to-face surveys with 47 large fruit producers and in-depth interviews with the representatives of other related sectors. Although the fruit sector and related sectors have been located close to natural resources and inputs in the neighbourhood in Isparta, an ordinary agglomeration has emerged but it could not be clustered because collaboration culture has not been developed in the sector and intersectoral. This fact decreases the regional competition chance of the sector. However, existence of an easy and continuously communication among all actors in the sector, state supports to sectoral cooperation / organizations, and actors who are compulsory for benefiting these supports in the region should be considered important advantages for a clustering and increasing regional competitiveness power of fruit sector.

In this study, it is aimed to determine sugar beet production in Konya province, operation of factories in the region, the situation of farmers, privatization, production structure of sugar beet and the problems based on it. For this purpose, data were collected by questionnaires from 175 producers, who were selected according to Probability-Based Sampling method, from the producers operating in the cooperatives registered in the Association of Beet Cultivators Cooperatives (Pankobirlik) in Ilgın district of Konya. According to the findings, the difficulties encountered in production were listed as high irrigation cost of sugar beet (87.4%), difficulty in combating diseases and pests (77.7%), excess labor demand compared to other products (74.3%), and insufficiency of water in the region (72.0%) in sugar beet production. In addition, about 77% of producer’s state that product prices are low. Approximately 60% of the producers in the region have stated that they are against the privatization of sugar producing factories. When the results are evaluated, it is necessary to take into consideration the costs in determining sugar beet purchase prices and to include sugar beet production within the scope of support to reduce production costs. In addition, it is considered necessary to take essential steps by considering producer opinions on privatization and to review sugar policies.

Anthocyanins, a major natural food colorant rich in mango powder, need considerable protection during processing and storage for better retention due to colour instability. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the stability of the anthocyanin’s extracts obtained from cabinet dried mango powder under different factors which could disrupted the anthocyanin pigments during processing. The factors are processing temperature and time (30°C, 60°C and 80°C for 10, 20 and 30 minutes each, respectively), storage conditions (room temperature, refrigerator temperature and freezing temperature), pH (2, 3, 4, 7 and 10), oxygen, influence of light, different extraction solvent (methanol, absolute ethanol, acidified ethanol (1%), and 50% KMS -Ethanol), sugar level (20%, 40%, and 60%). The intensity of the extracted colour was measured at wavelength 520 nm using UV-VIS spectrophotometer. The results can elucidate the increasing heating temperature and time, sugar content, and exposure to light is able to spoil the anthocyanin molecule. There was a proportional effect of pH and oxygen. The anthocyanin stability was found better in pH=10, acidified ethanol (1%) as extracting solvents, absence of light as processing condition and refrigeration temperature as storage temperature. Hence, these findings could be useful in the food industry to choose a proper processing condition for development of mango powders-based products for satisfying the consumer perception by retaining anthocyanin pigment.

In turkey, one of the most important problem of livestock’s production is insufficiency of quality forage crop, but still few forage species are cultivated. On the other hand, conservation of plant genetic resources has become an important problem in the world today. Indeed, biodiversity is an indispensable element of human life, especially food, and it is estimated that 20% of these resources will extinct by 2030. The aim of study was to determine some quality traits of white sweet clover (Melilotus alba Desr.) collected from natural flora of Bilecik province. In this study, plants were collected at the flowering stage and investigated of 17 genotypes. The determined quality traits of genotypes as fallows; crude protein, ADF, NDF, RFV, K, P, Mg, Ca and Ca/P, and these traits were noted as11.99-21.07%, 27.70-40.53%, 43.31-55.84%, 93.44-147.02, 1.300-2.807%, 0.187-0.310%, 0.127-0.350%, 0.490-1.417% and 2.05-5.92%, respectively. As a result of the study, it has been determined that the quality of the white sweet clover genotypes collected from Bilecik natural flora have been sufficient for animal feeding and have a significant potential for future breeding activities.