Agricultural marketing plays a vital role in economic development and livelihood of people in developing countries. Marketing of agricultural products which provide income to most farmers and marketers in Nigeria has been characterised with a lot of deficiencies which have constrained sustainable development and economic growth. This study, therefore, analysed carrot and cucumber marketing including constraints to their effective marketing in Enugu State, Nigeria. Data collected, primarily, were analysed using descriptive statistics, marketing margin and Likert type rating technique. The result shows that vegetable marketing was dominated by females (65%) who were still in their economically active age and did not belong to a cooperative society. Half of them perform a retail marketing function, 30% perform both retail and wholesale functions while 20% perform wholesale function. Vegetable marketing contributed to marketers’ income by providing N25,667.7 (USD 66.93) per month on average. The marketing margins were 26.30% and 20.18% for cucumber and carrot, respectively. The high cost of shop rent, high transportation cost, low capital, price fluctuation, poor credit facilities and a low supply of vegetables due to seasonal variation were the major constraints faced by vegetable marketers. Vegetable marketers, therefore, need support by providing affordable credit facilities and building of modern market stalls by the government. This would give them a conducive and hygienic environment. Also, vegetable marketers should form a cooperative society where they can pool resources and get financial assistance. This would lead to efficient marketing of the product.

Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are one of the most populous families of Diptera. In this study, it was aimed to determine the fauna of fruit flies in Ordu province. Adult specimens were collected from the research region in 2016-2017 years. All the specimens were identified by examining their morphological characters in Gaziantep University, Biology Department, Entomology Laboratory. As a result, thirty-three species belonging to 11 genera from three subfamilies were identified. All species are recorded for the first time from Ordu province. Material examined and wing photographs of the species are presented.

Understanding the fire-prone arid-zone pine species and maquis vegetation's response to fire is very important to reveal the ecology and evolution of these species. During the succession of vegetation, there are complex relationships between allelopathic metabolites and fires. Many plant communities such as pines, maquis, savannas and woodlands are known to play a critical role in the development of succession. However, studies revealing the relationship between succession processes and allelopathic mechanisms in fire-prone ecosystems are quite limited. Most evergreen maquis vegetations are one of the most studied fire ecosystems. In maquis vegetation, fire causes the formation of plant communities that continue with allelochemicals produced by plants, as well as shaping the climate of the region. The event of a living species inhibiting another species by secreting toxic compounds is expressed as allelopathy. These toxic compounds are generally referred to as allelochemicals. Many maquis species that grow in fire-prone ecosystems excrete their allelochemicals, preventing the development of herbaceous species around them and invade their habitats. These chemicals, which accumulate in the soil during the dry season, affect the succession processes in vegetation in the event of a fire and determine which species will follow each other. Considering these relationships, it can be said that allelopathic plants have the potential to change plant diversity in vegetation by changing their functional plant characteristics. The purpose of this review is to determine the relationship between allelochemicals and fire of plant species in fire-prone ecosystems, and to reveal how this affects the succession processes.

To meet the demand for an appropriate soaking duration and priming type, there is a need to embrace cheap, fast, natural, accessible, and adaptable physiological techniques as soaking of seeds in water and fresh cow milk. Fresh cow milk contains hormones that relieve seeds from photo, thermo, physiological and mechanical dormancy. In light of this, this study was conducted to assess the effect of hydration and fresh cow milk on different seed quality attributes like germination percentage, mean germination time, the uncertainty of germination process, and synchrony of germination process of bitter gourd seeds. The study involved two factors namely hydropriming and different concentrations of fresh cow milk (viz. 60%, 80% and 100%), and the other factor was seed soaking duration with 4 levels (i. e., 0, 12, 18 and 24 hours). The experiment was conducted in a Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with three replicates. Results revealed that the percentage germination value of seeds soaked in all concentrations of fresh cow milk was better than hydropriming. A significant germination percentage value of 96% and 93% were recorded for seeds treated for 18 hours in 80% and 100% concentrations of fresh cow milk respectively. Maximum uncertainty of the germination process and minimum synchrony of germination the process was recorded in untreated seed.

Bağışıklık sistemi vücudu hastalık yapıcı patojenlere karşı koruyan temel savunma sistemidir. Bu savunma sistemi farklı mekanizmalarla etkili olmaktadır. Bağışıklık sistemi, antijen adı verilen vücudun kalıtsal yapısına yabancı olan her türlü yapıya karşı etki gösterir. Vücuda dışarıdan gelen hastalık etkenleri öncelikle doğal bariyerlerle karşılaşmaktadır. Doğal bariyerleri aşmayı başaran etkenler kemik iliği, timus, lenf bezleri ve dalak gibi özelleşmiş organlarda üretilen savunma hücreleri ile karşılaşır. İlk aşamada makrofajlar ve fagositler devreye girer daha sonraki aşamada ise B ve T lenfositleri sürece dahil olurlar. B lenfositlerinden salgılanan antikorlar bağışık sisteminin en önemli savunma mekanizmalarından birini oluşturmaktadır. Antikor moleküllerinin vücudun savunmasındaki bu önemi bilim insanlarını bu alanda çalışmaya yöneltmiştir. Bu doğrultuda 1975 yılında Georges Köhler ve Cesar Milstein, koyun alyuvarları ile immunize ettikleri farelerin B lenfositleri ile fare myeloma hücrelerini birleştirerek oluşturdukları hibrit hücreler ile yeni bir tedavi stratejisinin kapısını açmışlardır. Bu hibrit hücreler sadece istenen antijene bağlanan monoklonal antikor sentezleyebilme yeteneğine sahiptir. Monoklonal antikorlar tıp dünyasında hastalıkların teşhisi, tedavisi ve biyokimyasal analizler gibi birçok alanda kullanmaktadır. Günümüzde hala monoklonal antikora dayalı tedavi ve tedavi seçenekleri üzerinde çalışmalar devam etmektedir. Bu derlemede monoklonal antikorlar ve tedavide kullanımı üzerine genel bilgiler verilecektir.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) improves the uptake of nutrients and water to the plants through mutual symbiosis. Only AMF produces glomalin related soil protein (GRSP). Acaulospora morroaiae, Glomus luteum, Glomus verruculosum, Glomus versiforme are the effective glomalin producing AMFs. Mixed primary forest, tropical rainforest, soil organic matter, clay soil, no tillage, quality and quantity of fertilizers, crop rotation, and water stable aggregates are also suitable to increase glomalin production. Glomalin is a glycoprotein that contains 30–40% carbon (C) which is assumed to be stable and persistent in soil. The glomalin can sequestrate more carbon in the soil due to its high carbon and aggregate stability. Greater aggregate stability leads to high organic carbon protection in terrestrial ecosystems. The lowest glomalin content (0.007 mg per gram soil) was found in Antarctic region, and the highest glomalin content (13.50 mg per gram soil) was observed in tropical rainforest. In agricultural soil, glomalin content varies between 0.30 and 0.70 mg per gram soil. The GRSP containing soil organic carbon (SOC) in deeper soil layers was 1.34 to 1.50 times higher than in surface layers. Glomalin can sequestrate 0.24 Mg C ha-1 in soil when present at 1.10±0.04 mg g-1. At elevated CO2 (700 µmol mol-1) level, easily extractable glomalin (EEG) and total glomalin (TG) were 2.76 and 5.67% SOC in the surface soil layer over ambient carbon dioxide (CO2) level. This finding indicates the effective function of GRSP C sequestration in soil under global environmental change scenarios. Glomalin can also protect labile carbon that can help regulating nutrient supply to the plants. No tillage practice causes higher AMF hyphal length, GRSP and water stable aggregate (WSA) compared to that of conventional tillage practice. The current review demonstrated that GRSP is an important tool for carbon storage in deep soils. Glomalin mediates soil aggregates, improves soil quality, increases carbon sequestration and crop production, and mitigates climate change.

Determining the potential bioavailability of heavy metals, evaluating according to adapted regulations is essential to efficiently conserve our coastal and estuarine waters. In this study, it is aimed to determine the industrial pollution and various other pollution sources that the Black Sea Basin is exposed to by using DGT (Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films) method and grab (manuel) sampling method in water and sediment and to evaluate the existing pollution according to quality standards. In Samsun, seasonal samples were collected from five different sampling stations, namely Akkiraz Stream, Hıdırellez Stream, Organized Industrial Zone (OIZ) Channel, Şabanoğlu Stream and Selyeri Stream, which are selected from Tekkeköy region where industry is intensively active. In order to determine the heavy metal content in both water and sediment samples, the DGT method was chosen for passive sampling and the grab sampling method was used for active sampling, and the efficiency of the methods was evaluated. According to the results of the study, the heavy metal concentration in grab sampling for water samples in descending order Al> Fe> Zn> Pb> Ni> Cu; In the samples taken with DGT, they are listed as Al> Fe> Zn> Cu> Ni> Pb. There were significant relationships between the total metal concentrations of sediment (Csed) and water (Csu) in grab sampling and metal concentrations sediment (Csed-DGT) and water (Csu-DGT) measured by DGT. It was found that the sensitivity and performance of sampling with DGT was 2-10 times higher compared to grab sampling. The high resolution in situ DGT technique for the assessment and management of the potential release risk of heavy metals at the water-sediment interface is a complementary method that contributes to the standard grab sampling method.

Spices and herbs are groups of vegetables with important properties for human health and food industries. They are generally consumed in cooked recipes and such treatment may affect the content of vital components such antioxidants. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of the cooking temperatures on total phenolics, flavonoids and vitamin C of some spices and herbs used in the locality of Bamenda, Cameroon. Briefly, the most consumed spices and herbs were selected through structured questionnaires administered to individuals involved in their consumption and selling. Thereafter, samples were collected and subjected to different boiling treatments and the levels of the antioxidants (flavonoids, phenols and vitamin C) were determined. Results showed that almost half the participants (48%) used Parsley, Basil, White pepper, Njansa, Mint and African nutmeg mainly for flavoring and medicinal purposes. The cooking temperature of 65°C increased total phenolics and flavonoids in spices (Mint, White pepper, Njangsa and African nutmeg) and herbs (Parsley, Basil) while higher heat treatments (75 and 85°C) lowered the content of these pytochemicals. Boiling of spices or herbs significantly and temperature dependently reduced the vitamin C content in all spice and herb samples with respect to the control raw samples. Summarily, the moderate boiling (65°C) treatment used by the local populations favors release of total phenolics and flavonoids though with some reducing effect on vitamin C.

Licorice, also known as the root of Glycyrrhiza glabra, has been used for many years in traditional medicine to treat various diseases. Licorice root has remarkable pharmacological properties and these biological effects are predominantly attributed to its content of polyphenols and flavonoids. The aim of this study was to determine the proliferative effect of licorice root extract on human osteoblast cells. The study groups were exposed to various concentrations of licorice root extract on 31.25, 62.5, 250, 500, 1000 μg/mL for 24, and 48 h. The proliferative effect of the extract on human osteoblast cells was assessed using the MTT assay. After 24 and 48 h, cell proliferation of groups treated were increased statistically significant compared to the control cells, and also all concentrations showing no cytotoxic effects on osteoblast cells. Phytomedical applications of licorice root may represent a promising approach in the treatment of periodontal regeneration and osteoporosis.

In this study, the effect of brown seaweed (Cystoseira barbata) and cattle manure combinations were investigated as a worm food on the properties of Eisenia fetida worm manure. Seaweed Cystoseira barbata were collected from the coast of Giresun, desalted and dried and then ground. Cattle manure was obtained from cattle breeding dairy and had covered and fermented. Food groups; 0% (control group); 5.45%; 10.90%; 21.81% and 43.63% of the algae were prepared and containing three replicates were given to the worms. The experiment was established in Giresun University Faculty of Science and Letters Biology laboratories according to randomized plot design. The vermicompost groups were analyzed in terms of plant nutrients and mineral levels. The obtained data showed that as the amount of algae increased in the formula and vermicompost groups, the metal levels of Zn, Ni, Fe, Pb, Cr, Mn, Mg and Cu decreased and carbon, CaCO3, N, P and K increased. This means that brown seaweed Cystoseira barbata, which grows naturally on our coasts, can be used in the structure of vermicompost.