This study examined the allelopathic effect of different concentration of aqueous extracts of Parkia biglobosa stem bark on the germination and growth of weed seeds species. Seeds of Eragorastis tenella, Eragorastis atrovirens, Pannicum pedicellata, Pennisetum sub albidum, Hypharrhenia rufa and Brcichiaria brizantha were tested for plumule germination and radicle growth with three different concentrations of 1%, 5%, 10% plant extract while ordinary water was used as control. Growth parameters including germinated weeds population were measured; the highest germinated weeds population was at the control (8.06±3.97) and the least was obtained from the 10% concentration with the mean of (4.42±2.59). Weeds population decreased as the concentration increased. The highest mean of weeds height was recorded from 1% concentration (11.46±7.08) which is statistically significant while the least mean was recorded from 10% concentration (7.69±6.70) statistically not significant. The family emergence by concentration indicated that, the experiment under control had (4 families) for 1% (2 families), 5% (2 families) and 10% (4 families) emerged. The germination, radicle and plumule length were inhibited when compare with control and the inhibition was statistically not significant at.

The present study was undertaken to assay the effects of gamma irradiation on fresh mutton compared with non-irradiated mutton. For this purpose the meat samples were divided into four treatments. The experiment was conducted on fresh mutton treated with 60Co gamma irradiation having dose of 0 (T0), 1.5 (T1), 2 (T2) and 4 kGy (T3) and stored in 0, 30 and 60 days at -20ºC to estimate the effect on proximate, sensory, physicochemical, biochemical and microbial changes in mutton. Proximate analysis (DM, CP, EE, and Ash), physicochemical and bio-chemical tests (pH value, cooking loss, PV, TBARS and FFA), sensory tests (color, flavor, tenderness, juiciness, overall acceptability) and microbial test (TVC, TCC and TYMC) were done to evaluate the effect of irradiation on shelf life and quality of mutton during preservation. The mutton samples were stored up to 2 months and evaluated at 0, 30 and 60th day. Irradiation increased DM, EE and decreased ash of mutton. CP was decreased with treatment. The PV, TBARS, FFA values and Cooking loss were increased with treatment. But raw pH was decreased with irradiation. There were significant differences in color and flavor with treatment. There were no significant differences in tenderness, juiciness and overall acceptability with treatment. The TVC (logCFU/g), TCC (logCFU/g) and TYMC (logCFU/g) were decreased with treatment. As a result, it can be concluded that irradiation increased shelf life of mutton to maintain nutritional quality of meat. Among the treatments, the highest irradiation dose (4.0 KGy) found the best results in terms of overall acceptability, microorganism control and for shelf life extension of mutton.

The present work was carried out to enhance biomass production of Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis Gomont) in a modified medium and to investigate “in vitro” its ability to produce antimicrobial substances against pathogenic bacteria and phytopathogenic fungi. The antibacterial activity was evaluated by the solid medium diffusion method on two pathogenic bacteria (Bacillus cereus & Klebsiella sp.), And the antifungal activity was evaluated on three phytopathogenic fungi (Alternaria solani, Cladosporium sp., Fusarium culmorum). The antibacterial test showed that the aqueous extract produced by S. platensis was more active against Gram-positive than on Gram-negative bacteria, the highest antibacterial activity was recorded against Bacillus cereus. Moreover, the Antifungal test showed that the aqueous extract was active against all three tested fungi and the highest antifungal activity was recorded against F. culmorum with over 90% inhibition of mycelial growth. The results of this research proved that cyanobacteria could be a good source for the production of antimicrobial agents which could be effective when compared with contemporary antimicrobial compounds and it can be used in the Biocontrol of several plant fungal diseases.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of 10 mM silicon (Si) application on salt stress (50, 100, and 200 mM NaCl) tolerance in Hungarian vetch seedlings (Ege Beyazi-79) based on growth parameters (shoot length and fresh weight, organic dry matter, and moisture), bioactive compounds as chlorophyll, carotenoid, proline, protein, nitrate, and nutrient status. Silicon was applied to the seedlings from the leaves and NaCl from the salt soil, both of which were dissolved in Hoagland solution. The results revealed that the highest shoot length Si+100 mM NaCl was recorded and the highest fresh and dry weight was recorded with length Si+50 mM NaCl. The highest dry matter was obtained from Si and 200 mM NaCl. The highest chlorophyll, carotenoid, proline, protein, and nitrate were obtained from 100 mM NaCl+Si, while the lowest chlorophyll, carotenoid, and nitrate were obtained from 200 mm NaCl and the lowest proline and protein from 100 mM NaCl, respectively. The amount of K, Mg, and S were low in NaCl doses but high in Si and Si + NaCl doses, and P was higher in all groups compared to the control. The content of Na, Co, and Se were high in all groups except Cl 50 NaCl, while Mn, Zn, and Ni were higher in Si and Si + NaCl doses. Silicon content of samples was high at higher NaCl + Si doses. The results provided by this investigating indicated that silicate concentrations positively affected the parameters examined in Hungarian seedlings, and increased the tolerance of seedlings to salt stress.

Thyme is one of the spices that is widely consumed in the regions where it grows and is used in many dishes, especially soups, and gives a regional identity to the dish where it is used. In this study, the amount of phytochemicals and antioxidant capacity of the plant Satureja hortensis L. (süpürge kekiği, çibriska) which grows spontaneously and is used as a spice in meals in the Karakoçlar settlement area of Olur district of Erzurum province was investigated. The total amounts of phenolic and flavonoid substances were determined to be 40.85±0.85 mg GAE/g and 26.52±0.46 mg QE/g, respectively. In addition, the DPPH radical scavenging activity of the plant extract was calculated as 45.24 ±3.47 μg TE/mL and the IC50 value was calculated as 177.11±0.99 μg/mL. It was determined that the Cu2+ reducing antioxidant capacity of the S. hortensis plant extract was 2162.09±113.61 μg TE/mL and the Fe3+ reducing antioxidant capacity was 24.36±4.59 μg TE/mL. As a result, it was concluded that the S. hortensis plant, which is known with different names in different regions, has antioxidant potential and can be used as a natural antioxidant source in addition to its common use.

Demre Sivri, Dogal Sarı Sivri and Dogal Carliston pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) species were used as test plants in the study. The research was carried out in a total of 9 plots with 3 replications according to the randomized blocks experimental design. Seeds were made into seedlings by regularly watering for about 60 days in the prepared peat and perlite mixture (1:1 V/V) in viols and planting was carried out in the greenhouse environment when they had 3-4 leaves. Irrigation processes in the research were carried out by drip irrigation method, and irrigation was carried out every 3 days during the 20 days period from planting to 7 leaves of pepper plants. In other processes, irrigation was done every 2 days until the plants were harvested. Considering the results of soil analysis in the research, fertilization was done by fertigation method (fertilization with drip irrigation) for pepper purely at 20 kg N da-1, 6 kg P2O5 da-1, 20 kg K2O da-1. In the study, nitrogen (N) ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4, phosphorus (P) MKP (monopotassiumphosphate) and potassium (K) potassium nitrate (KNO3) forms were applied. N, P, K, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn) and copper (Cu) analyzes were made in the leaf samples taken when the pepper plant reached half of the fruit size and yield were determined. According to the results of the research, Dogal Carliston stood out in the first year in terms of yield (2987 kg da-1), while Demre Sivri (2788 kg da-1) gave the highest yield in the second year.

EXPO, which is used as the abbreviation of the word 'exposition', which means 'World Exhibition' or 'World's Fair' in English; It is a global event that has been organized around the world since the 19th century and aims to promote the city and country in which it is held in the national and international arena, raise awareness, educate the public, share innovations, produce, support development and encourage cooperation. Our country participated in this event for the first time with the 1851 London Expo Organization during the Ottoman Empire Period. It was hosted for the first time with the Expo Organization held in Antalya in 2016, and it is the host country for the second time with the Expo organization held in Hatay on April 1, 2022. Expo 2021 Hatay, whose full name is 'International Horticulture Fair Hatay, Turkey 2021'; It was accredited as a Class B international Expo by the International Association of Horticultural Producers (AIPH) on January 23, 2017 and registered according to the decision of the AIPH Board of Directors. Within the scope of this study, the economic, cultural and environmental effects of the EXPO'21 Hatay organization, which is a very important tool for the national branding and development of Hatay, were evaluated, and suggestions were made about the correct reuse of the fairgrounds and their sustainability after the organization was over.

Cadmium (Cd) is one of the toxic heavy metals not essential for the growth and development of plants and other organisms. Brassica rapa accumulates several heavy metals in its leaves and is reportedly suitable for phytoremediation. In this study, Cd uptake and accumulation in the leaves of B. rapa exposed to different cadmium levels (0, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 μM CdSO4) were analyzed, as well as the effect of Cd stress on HMA2 and HMA4 genes expression were investigated. The qRT-PCR results showed that HMA2 and HMA4 play a vital role in cadmium uptake and translocation in B. rapa at low Cd levels (5-20 μM). However, exposure to high Cd levels (50 and 100 μM) significantly reduced the growth and biomass of B. rapa. Furthermore, high levels of Cd inhibit the expression of HMA2 and HMA4 genes in B. rapa. Our data show a multigenetic (co-acting of many transporter gene clusters) response in the signaling pathway associated with Cd accumulation and tolerance mechanism in B. rapa.

This study was carried out to determine the root development of black mulberry hardwood cuttings kept in light and dark conditions. The experiment was carried out in the polyethylene greenhouse of Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University Research and Application Center, in 2021. As material, hardwood cuttings prepared from one-year-old branches of black mulberry trees were used. The cuttings were divided into 3 different groups and planted in rooting beds containing perlite with bottom heating (22±2 °C). First group of cuttings were planted into beds as soon as taken from tree (control), the second group of cuttings were plantend after the cuttings were kept under daylight conditions for 5 days (in the open) and third group cuttings were planted after the cuttings were kept in the dark conditions (in the dark) for 5 days in both conditions soaked in water. All cuttings were dipped in 6000 ppm IBA (indole-3-butyric acid) hormone for 5 seconds just before planting. The experiment is with 3 replications and there are 15 cuttings in each replication. After keeping 90 days in the rooting environment, the cuttings were removed; root number (root/stem), root length (cm), root diameter (mm), decay rate (%), rooting rate (%) and callus formation rate (%) parameters were investigated. As a result of the study, there was no statistical difference between the different conditions in the investigated parameters. The data obtained varied between the following values; rooting rate between 68.89% - 93.33%, decay rate between 24.4% - 55.5%, callus formation rate between 68.8% - 88.8%, number of roots 8.8 - 13.5 root/stem, root length 6.5 - 7.4 cm and root diameter between 1.02 - 1.16 mm.

Covid-19 salgını gıda ve hayvancılık sektörünün önemini ortaya çıkarmıştır. Hayvancılık sektöründe üretimin devam etmesi olası gıda krizini önlemiştir. Covid 19 salgını ülkemizde hayvancılık üzerinde bazı etkiler yaratmıştır ve küresel piyasalarla birlikte maliyetlerde artış olmuştur. Ne yazık ki maliyetlerdeki artış halen devam etmekte ve üreticiyi zor duruma sokmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, pandemi sürecinin Türkiye’de hayvancılığı üzerine olan etkileri değerlendirilmiştir. Bu konu ile ilgili ulaşılabilen kaynaklar incelenerek mevcut durum ortaya konulmuştur. Ayrıca, COVID-19 etkeninin özelliği ile hayvan türleri arasındaki farklılıklara ait bilgiler verilmiş ve çiftlik hayvanları sayıları incelenerek büyükbaş, küçükbaş, kanatlı ve arı ürünleri üretimleri incelenmiştir. Bu çalışma, COVID- 19’un hayvancılık sektöründe ve çiftlik hayvanlarında görülen etkileri ile ilgili veriler derlenerek literatüre katkı sağlamak üzere hazırlanmıştır.