This research was done to determine the effect of increasing Humic acid application on some nutrient element contents of cress (Lepidium sativum L.) plant. For this purpose according to randomize block experimental design, an experiment was done with three replications in greenhouse conditions. Cress plant seed was sowed 1.5 g/ m2. Four humic acid doses (I. dose: 0 mL /m2, II. dose: 8 mL /m2, III. dose: 16 mL /m2 and IV. dose: 24 mL /m2) were applied to cress plant. Then cress plants were harvested 30 days after planting. Dry matter yield and some nutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn) contents of plants were determined. According to the results, important increases some nutrient element contents of plants were determined with increasing humic acid applications. These increases were found 1. dose 5.52%, and 4. dose 6.04%, for N element, respectively. Other macro elements P (0.70%, and 0. 82%); K (6.85%, and 7.67%); Ca (1.72%, and 2.01%); Mg (0.13% and 0.15%) and S (1.04%, and 1.17%), respectively. Some micro element (Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn) contents of cress plant, 1. dose: 89.86, 9.59, 59.50 and 56.20; 4. dose: 102.17, 11.03, 67.67 and 76.63 mgkg-1, respectively. These increases were found statistically significant at the level of 5% for each nutrient element, except Mg.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of nitrogen fertilization on the physical and physico-chemical characteristics and antioxidant potential of sapodilla at different stages of development. The experiment was installed at the Norfruit farm, located in the rural community of Pau Branco, Mossoró/RN, Brazil. A randomized block with two factorial schemes experimental design, was adopted. The first 5 x 6 with lost parcels, consisting of five doses of nitrogen (N) (0, 300, 600, 900 and 1200 g of N.plant-1) and six stages of fruit development; and the second 2 x 3 consisting of two levels of nitrogen (N) (0; 600 g of N plant-1) and three stages of development, both with five replications. The fruits were labeled with a 10 to 15 mm long mark in the plant. In fact, were harvested and analyzed after 90, 120, 150, 180 and 200 days of its marking and 208 days (fully mature, after 8 days of storage at 25 ± 2 °C and RH 58 ± 5%), respectively. The results showed a nitrogen fertilization at the dose of 600 g of N.plant-1, produced fruit with higher sugar content and fresh weight, reaching greater mass and sugar content, at 200 and 180 days of fruit development, respectively. An increase in nitrogen fertilization, promoted a reduction in the levels of yellow flavonoids and anthocyanins. Bioactive compounds (total polyphenols, vitamin C, flavonoids and anthocyanins) and sapodilla antioxidant activity decreased with the further development of fruit. The antioxidant activity of the sapodilla is more related to the high content of total polyphenols. The knowledge obtained in this study is extremely important for the sapodilla production chain due to information of the nutritional and antioxidant composition of the fruits. This also proves beneficial for the fruit marketing, because nowadays the public seeks foods rich in antioxidants, and the sapodilla is marketed both in natura and processed, in addition to its use in the cosmetics manufacture. | This study aimed to evaluate the effect of nitrogen fertilization on the physical and physico-chemical characteristics and antioxidant potential of sapodilla at different stages of development. The experiment was installed at the Norfruit farm, located in the rural community of Pau Branco, Mossoró/RN, Brazil. A randomized block with two factorial schemes experimental design, was adopted. The first 5 x 6 with lost parcels, consisting of five doses of nitrogen (N) (0, 300, 600, 900 and 1200 g of N.plant-1) and six stages of fruit development; and the second 2 x 3 consisting of two levels of nitrogen (N) (0; 600 g of N plant-1) and three stages of development, both with five replications. The fruits were labeled with a 10 to 15 mm long mark in the plant. In fact, were harvested and analyzed after 90, 120, 150, 180 and 200 days of its marking and 208 days (fully mature, after 8 days of storage at 25 ± 2 °C and RH 58 ± 5%), respectively. The results showed a nitrogen fertilization at the dose of 600 g of N.plant-1, produced fruit with higher sugar content and fresh weight, reaching greater mass and sugar content, at 200 and 180 days of fruit development, respectively. An increase in nitrogen fertilization, promoted a reduction in the levels of yellow flavonoids and anthocyanins. Bioactive compounds (total polyphenols, vitamin C, flavonoids and anthocyanins) and sapodilla antioxidant activity decreased with the further development of fruit. The antioxidant activity of the sapodilla is more related to the high content of total polyphenols. The knowledge obtained in this study is extremely important for the sapodilla production chain due to information of the nutritional and antioxidant composition of the fruits. This also proves beneficial for the fruit marketing, because nowadays the public seeks foods rich in antioxidants, and the sapodilla is marketed both in natura and processed, in addition to its use in the cosmetics manufacture. | This study aimed to evaluate the effect of nitrogen fertilization on the physical and physico-chemical characteristics and antioxidant potential of sapodilla at different stages of development. The experiment was installed at the Norfruit farm, located in the rural community of Pau Branco, Mossoró/RN, Brazil. A randomized block with two factorial schemes experimental design, was adopted. The first 5 x 6 with lost parcels, consisting of five doses of nitrogen (N) (0, 300, 600, 900 and 1200 g of N.plant-1) and six stages of fruit development; and the second 2 x 3 consisting of two levels of nitrogen (N) (0; 600 g of N plant-1) and three stages of development, both with five replications. The fruits were labeled with a 10 to 15 mm long mark in the plant. In fact, were harvested and analyzed after 90, 120, 150, 180 and 200 days of its marking and 208 days (fully mature, after 8 days of storage at 25 ± 2 °C and RH 58 ± 5%), respectively. The results showed a nitrogen fertilization at the dose of 600 g of N.plant-1, produced fruit with higher sugar content and fresh weight, reaching greater mass and sugar content, at 200 and 180 days of fruit development, respectively.  An increase in nitrogen fertilization, promoted a reduction in the levels of yellow flavonoids and anthocyanins. Bioactive compounds (total polyphenols, vitamin C, flavonoids and anthocyanins) and sapodilla antioxidant activity decreased with the further development of fruit. The antioxidant activity of the sapodilla is more related to the high content of total polyphenols. The knowledge obtained in this study is extremely important for the sapodilla production chain due to information of the nutritional and antioxidant composition of the fruits. This also proves beneficial for the fruit marketing, because nowadays the public seeks foods rich in antioxidants, and the sapodilla is marketed both in natura and processed, in addition to its use in the cosmetics manufacture.

Kesme çiçek sektöründe, çiçeğin kalite parametrelerinin ve vazo ömrünün uzun süre korunması hem ürünün ekonomik değerini hem de satıla bilirliğini artırmak açısından önem taşımaktadır. Benzer şekilde, hasattan sonra soğanlı süs bitkilerinin toprak altı organlarının soğuklama gereksiniminin giderilmesi amacıyla depolanması aşamasında, ürünün hasat sıcaklığından depolama sıcaklığına hızlı bir şekilde getirilmesi önem arz etmektedir. Ürünün kalitesini artırırken kayıpları en aza indirmek için geçmişten günümüze pek çok yöntem geliştirilmiştir. Bu yöntemlerden biri de ön soğutma yöntemidir. Ön soğutma, ürünün hasat sıcaklığından depolama sıcaklığına hızlı ve etkin bir şekilde düşürülmesi olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Ön soğutma, hem ürünün hasat sonrası soğuk depoya konulması hem de depolama yapılmaksızın doğrudan satışa çıkarılması durumlarında, ürünün dayanım süresini ve kalite parametrelerini artırmak için kullanılabilmektedir. Uygulandığı tarımsal ürünlerin yapısal ve fizyolojik özelliklerine bağlı olarak ön soğutma, havayla, suyla ve vakumla olmak üzere temelde üç ayrı yöntemle yapılabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, ön soğutma yöntemleri süs bitkilerine uygunlukları bakımından detaylı bir şekilde tartışılmıştır.

The intended outcome of this research is to comparatively assess the farm systems in two indigenous territories of Putumayo (Colombia): San Félix (1° 10' 34.67" N and 76° 55' 04.33" W), and Tamabioy (1° 10' 24.36" N and 76° 56' 55.54" W). Both of these territories are located at an altitude of between 2.000 and 2.150 metres above sea level, and have an average temperature of 15°C. The methods we used to obtain our primary information were a census and interviews. In both the census and interviews, it was neccesary for participants to answer a survey that contained open and closed questions. Through these surveys, we found that 33 out of the 55 families in the Tamabioy indigenous territory, and 54 out of the 70 families in the San Félix indigenous territory, have agrarian activity as their main economic activity for income. For the Tamabioy terroritory, 33 families represents 49.5% of the total population, and in San Félix, 54 families represents 49% of the total population. In both territories, there are three types of agrarian systems: traditional, market, and mix. The traditional system has the home garden as main agrarian system; the market system has the corn/bean relay and dairy as the main systems; finally, the mix is a combination between traditional and market systems. Other economic activities &nin the territories are farm and home services, handicrafts, and agro-businesses. The market of agrarian outputs in the Tamabioy territory is more efficient than the San Félix territory because it's located close to the head municipalities of San Francisco and Sibundoy. Thus, this research will show that the market and mix systems have easily entered the territory and consequently the home gardens have lost importance. | En el estudio se caracterizaron y analizaron de manera comparativa los sistemas de producción agraria en los resguardos San Félix (1° 10' 34.67" N y 76° 55' 04.33" O) y Tamabioy (1° 10' 24.36" N y 76° 56' 55.54" O) del departamento del Putumayo, Colombia, localizados entre los 2.000 y 2.150 m.s.n.m., con una temperatura promedio de 15 °C. La información de fuente primaria preliminar se recopiló directamente en las zonas de estudio mediante la realización de censos en ambos resguardos, seguidos de entrevistas con algunas familias de las fincas-hogar. En ambos casos se utilizó un cuestionario estructurado con preguntas cerradas y abiertas. En el resguardo Tamabioy se encontraron 55 familias y en San Félix 70, de las cuales 33 (49.5 %) y 54 (49 %), respectivamente, derivan sus ingresos de la actividad agropecuaria. En ambos resguardos se hallaron los sistemas agrarios: tradicional, comercial y de transición. El primero es el huerto casero; el segundo lo constituyen el cultivo de maíz en rotación con fríjol, la ganadería y la producción de pasturas; y el tercero la combinación de sistema tradicional más comercial. Otras actividades económicas presentes son los servicios, la artesanía y la agroindustria. La comercialización de los productos agrarios en Tamabioy es más eficiente que en San Félix, debido a la cercanía con las cabeceras municipales, en consecuencia los sistemas comerciales y de transición han entrado con mayor facilidad a la dinámica económica y, por ende, los huertos caseros han perdido importancia.

The intended outcome of this research is to comparatively assess the farm systems in two indigenous territories of Putumayo (Colombia): San Félix (1º 10’ 34.67’’ N and 76º 55’ 04.33’’ W), and Tamabioy (1º 10’ 24.36’’ N and 76º 56’ 55.54’’ W). Both of these territories are located at an altitude of between 2,000 and 2,150 metres above sea level, and have an average temperature of 15ºC. The methods we used to ob-tain our primary information were a census and interviews. In both the census and interviews, it was neccesary for participants to answer a survey that contained open and closed questions. Through these surveys, we found that 33 out of the 55 families in the Tamabioy indigenous territory, and 54 out of the 70 families in the San Félix indigenous territory, have agrarian activity as their main economic activity for income. For the Tamabioy terroritory, 33 families represents 49.5% of the total population, and in San Félix, 54 families represents 49% of the total population. In both territories, there are three types of agrarian systems: traditional, market, and mix. The traditional system has the home garden as main agrarian system; the market system has the corn/bean relay and dairy as the main systems; finally, the mix is a combination between traditional and market systems. Other economic activities in the territo-ries are farm and home services, handicrafts, and agro-businesses. The market of agrarian outputs in the Tamabioy territory is more efficient than the San Félix territory because it's located close to the head municipalities of San Francisco and Sibundoy. Thus, this research will show that the market and mix systems have easily entered the territory and consequently the home gardens have lost importance. | En el estudio se caracterizaron y analizaron de manera comparativa los sistemas de producción agraria en los resguardos San Félix (1º 10’ 34.67’’ N y 76º 55’ 04.33’’ O) y Tamabioy (1º 10’ 24.36’’ N y 76º 56’ 55.54’’ O) del Departamento del Putumayo, Colombia, localizados entre los 2000 y 2150 m.s.n.m., con una temperatura promedio de 15 ºC. La información de fuente primaria preliminar se recopiló directamente en las zonas de estudio mediante la realización de censos en ambos resguardos seguidos de entrevistas con algunas familias de las fincas-hogar. En ambos casos se utilizó un cuestionario estructurado con preguntas cerradas y abiertas. En el resguardo Tamabioy se encontraron 55 familias y en San Félix 70, de las cuales 33 (49.5 %) y 54 (49 %), respectivamente, derivan sus ingresos de la actividad agropecuaria. En ambos resguardos se hallaron los sistemas agrarios: tradicional, comercial y de transición. El primero es el huerto casero; el segundo lo constituyen el cultivo de maíz en rotación con fríjol, la ganadería y la producción de pasturas; y el tercero la combinación de sistemas tradicional más comercial. Otras actividades económicas presentes son los servicios, la artesanía y la agroindustria. La comercialización de los productos agrarios en Tamabioy es más eficiente que en San Félix, debido a la cercanía con las cabeceras municipales, en consecuencia los sistemas comerciales y de transición han entrado con mayor facilidad a la dinámica económica y por ende, los huertos caseros han perdido importancia.