çalışma, Türkiye’nin önemli bir fındık bölgesi olan Düzce ilinde yabancı ot sorunu ve mücadelesinde üreticinin bilgi, deneyim ve sorunları çözmedeki yetkinliğini tespit etmek amacıyla planlanmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında, Düzce’de 2021-2022 yıllarında toplam 100 fındık üreticisine 30 soru yöneltilmiştir. Anket sonuçlarına göre; üreticilerin %53’ünün eğitim seviyesinin lise ve üzeri olduğu, %52’sinin fındık yetiştiriciliğini aile varlığı olduğu için ve %34’ünün ise geçimlerini sağlamak amacıyla yaptığı anlaşılmıştır. Üreticilerin %84’ünün yabancı otları önemli derecede sorun gördüğü; mücadele için %80’inin biçme, %9’unun ise kimyasal mücadele uyguladığı tespit edilmiştir. Üreticilerin %40’ı fındık yetiştiriciliği dışında sanayi ve ticaret alanında, %17’si kamu kurumlarında çalışarak ek gelir elde ettiklerini; yine %65 gibi büyük bir çoğunluğu ise fındık dışında herhangi bir ürün yetiştirmediklerini beyan etmişlerdir. Üreticiler fındık bahçelerinde sorun olan 45 farklı yabancı ot türü bildirmişlerdir. Bu yabancı ot türlerinden; dam bromu (Bromus tectorum L.), tek yıllık salkımotu (Poa annua L.), yara otu (Prunella vulgaris L.), yonca (Medicago sativa L.), şebrek (Lapsana communis L.), bataklık sinirotu (Plantago lanceolata L.), kuzukulağı (Rumex acetosella L.), ak üçgül (Trifolium repens L.), böğürtlen (Rubus sanctus Schreb), tarla sarmaşığı (Convolvulus arvensis L.), yabani çilek (Fragaria vesca L.) ve kadife otu (Holcus lanatus L.) türlerinin yaygın olduğu bildirilmiştir. Ayrıca, üreticiler mevcut yabancı otlara karşı uyguladıkları kimyasal mücadele ile yabancı ot sorununu belli bir ölçüde çözdüklerini ancak böğürtlen, eğrelti otu, tarla sarmaşığı, ısırgan otu ve köpek dişi ayrığı ile mücadelede yeterli başarı elde edemediklerini belirtmişlerdir.

The present study investigated the effects of two different zeolite applications and different nitrogen-based fertilizers on chickpea’s yield and yield components in dry and irrigated conditions. The field experiment was conducted during 2019 and 2020 in the experimental area of the Faculty of Agriculture, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Türkiye. The experimental design was a split-split plot with four replicates. The main plots were grown under dry-irrigated conditions. At the same time, subplots received zeolite applications (zeolite+- zeolite-), and sub-sub plots received nitrogen applications [control, traditional, chemical, farmyard manure, and Isabion, (an animal collagen-derived biostimulant)]. The experiment found that irrigation caused a delay in phenological characters but had a favorable impact on morphological characters and yield. The effect of zeolite applications was different in the first and second years of the experiments for the investigated characters. In the first year, the application of zeolite had a significant impact on grain yield, but there was no discernible effect in the second year. The experiment demonstrated that both chemical fertilizer and farmyard manure positively impacted phenological and morphological characteristics. In both years, the farmyard manure plots produced the highest grain yield. Farmers in Türkiye are advised to apply nitrogen to their crops as the profitability of chickpeas has risen in recent years. If the high cost of farmyard manure renders its use impracticable, farmers can opt for chemical fertilizer as an alternative.

This research was carried out to evaluate the field performance of some mung bean accessions and their nutritional composition for inclusion in household diet. Twenty-one (21) accessions of mung bean were evaluated in the early and late season of 2022 at Ile-Ife, and in the early season at Kishi out-station of the Institute of Agricultural Research and Training (IAR&T), Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria. The experiment was established according to randomized complete block design with three replications. Agronomic and yield data were collected. Six of the mung bean accessions were randomly selected and analyzed for proximate, mineral composition and sensory properties along with two cowpea varieties as standard checks. MB-3, 6, 14 and 15 produced the highest seed yield across the locations (Ile-Ife early season, Ile-Ife late season, and Kishi early season). However, the performance was generally better in the early season than in the late season. The mung bean samples had slightly lower protein values than the standard checks. The mung bean samples had considerably higher mineral levels (p ≤ 0.05) than the control samples. Moin-moin (processed bean cake) made from some of the mung bean samples compared favorably with that from Ife brown cowpea (standard check). This work revealed good adaptability of the mung bean accession to southwest agro-ecology of Nigeria. It also revealed better nutritional quality of mung bean relative to cowpea for inclusion in household meals.

The research methodology was based on determining the soil moisture consumption per unit of photosynthesis productivity, establishing the influence of the moisture consumption coefficient on the productivity of photosynthesis on the yield of sunflower genotypes. The aim of the research was to determine the physiological characteristics of the formation of plant productivity of different sunflower samples and use them in assessing and creating genotypes for cultivation in arid conditions. The conducted investigations allowed to determine physiological factors and properties of plants that determine the level of formation of the weight of seeds of the head and the yield of sunflower. The weight of seeds of the head is determined by the amount of soil moisture consumption per unit of net productivity. Between the indicators of soil moisture consumption per unit of net productivity at the stage of formation of the head - the beginning of flowering, a direct negative correlation interdependence was established. Sunflower varieties with a minimum consumption of soil moisture per unit of net productivity of photosynthesis of 1.01-1.05 m-3 g m-2 per day form in arid conditions of the Steppe of Ukraine the maximum level of weight of seeds of the head of 58.7-78.7 g, which ensures obtaining a high yield within 2.68-3.49 t ha-1. The conducted assessment of genotypes by indicators of soil moisture consumption per unit of net productivity made it possible to create highly productive varieties of sunflower Emelard, Igolya, Orlik.

At present environmental pollution is a talked about issue. Due to environmental pollution, humans and animals face threats. The scientist has pointed out that waste is one reason for climate change. Solid, liquid, gaseous etc. are different types of waste. The experiments were conducted to determine the chemical constituents present in dairy farm wastewater, wastewater management practice and environmental impact and compare it with the groundwater Dinajpur Sadar upazila. The data concerning the dairy farm wastewater in Dinajpur was obtained through a designed questionnaire, and separate area inspection interacting with the proprietor and workers in the dairy farm. Randomly collected samples from different dairy farms. The chemical constituents of the wastewater sample were determined by a laboratory experiment. The wastewater contained Mg, Na, Ca, Cl-, K, EC, P, HCO3-, pH, TDS, DO, COD, Zn, S, BOD, HT and NO3-. The Na, K, Ca and pH concentration of wastewater under the range in groundwater in Dinajpur. However, concentrations of P, TDS, Mg, EC, Cl-, HCO3- and HT are above the groundwater range in Dinajpur. The produced wastewater was disposed of either through drainage or piping systems on fellow land, ponds, open lakes, roadside land, urban drains, and rivers. The unplanned wastewater disposal creates bad odor, and environmental pollution, seduces the growth of mosquitoes decreases the water quality, soil quality and health hazards. Therefore, it can be concluded that the prevailing dairy farm wastewater disposal system not being satisfactory. The proper disposal system should be improved to reduce environmental impacts.

For protein evaluation of feedstuffs for ruminants, the Streptomyces griseus protease test offers a purely enzymatic approach to estimate ruminal protein degradation. This study was conducted to determine the enzymatic crude protein (CP) degradability of alfalfa, sainfoin, and common vetch hays, which are commonly used in ruminant nutrition. To estimate CP degradation, fifteen samples from each type of hay were incubated in vitro with a commercial protease extracted from Streptomyces griseus. The incubation was carried out for 1, 4, 24, and 48 hours in a borate-phosphate buffer at pH 8. Significant differences in CP degradability values were found among all three types of hay across all incubation periods. For all incubation periods, sainfoin had the lowest CP degradability values (P < 0.05), due to its high content of cell wall components and condensed tannins (CTs). For incubation periods longer than 1 hour, common vetch had the highest CP degradability values, followed by alfalfa and sainfoin, respectively (P < 0.05). As a result, the use of the protease enzyme extracted from Streptomyces griseus was confirmed as an effective method for estimating the CP degradability of selected legume forages in the laboratory, eliminating the need for animal testing. However, since plant proteins are often embedded within carbohydrate complexes, it is recommended that future tests consider the combined use of protease and carbohydrase, particularly for sainfoin, which is rich in cell wall components and condensed tannins.

The COI gene region is the most commonly employed method for species identification in insects, as in all animals. The importance of DNA isolation methods is increasing, and they are of great importance for identifying insects. Unlike other large animals, DNA isolation from insects, especially from agricultural pests with very small structures, is possible with expensive commercial kits. In this study, an expensive commercial kit and a fast and economical method were compared in terms of time, cost, DNA quantity and quality. It was found that the success of commercial kits in terms of DNA quality and quantity is unquestionable. However, it was determined that the modified ‘quick and dirty’ method can be successfully used to extract DNA from insects and insect parts of all sizes, especially in studies that do not require long-term storage of DNA. Average isolation time for Q&D was 45 minutes, compared to 4 hours or more for commercial kits. Finally, cost is the most important factor in today’s global economy. The unit cost of DNA isolation using the Q&D method is approximately 88% lower.

Honey is known to be a natural food product with antibacterial and wound-healing properties. Among its different types, some attributed more with medical applications including Manuka honey. In this study, some wound healing-related parameters were systematically investigated on two different types of Turkish honey (Chestnut and Anzer), in comparison with Manuka honey. Chestnut honey had considerable amount of hydrogen peroxide (5 μg/mL) whereas Manuka and Anzer honey did not contain any. Additionally, Chestnut honey had the highest acidity among all tested samples (24.50 meq/kg), as well as higher antioxidant activity (IC50 ; 2.45 mg/ml) than those of Anzer (13.02 mg/ml) and Manuka honey (6.27 mg/ml). It was also demonstrated that Chestnut honey displayed a considerable antimicrobial activity against selected pathogens. On the other hand, in the scratch assay performed as a model for the wound healing process, Anzer honey induced the highest cell proliferation corresponding to almost total wound closure for all concentrations tested. Overall, the results showed that the Turkish Chestnut and Anzer honey samples had distinguished characteristics for wound healing that is comparable to Manuka honey, and therefore are both promising candidates for use in clinical applications.

This study investigates the spatial and temporal variations in chromium (Cr) concentrations in Picea orientalis L., across different directions (north, east, south, and west) and plant organs (outer bark, inner bark, and wood) in a forested region. The research, conducted over eight age periods spanning 1980 to 2020, aimed to assess the effectiveness of Picea orientalis L. as a biomonitor for Cr pollution. The highest Cr concentrations were observed in the east direction, particularly in the inner bark and wood, while the lowest levels were found in the west. The study was conducted in an urban area near the industrial zone and highway, as well as in forested regions. A total of 100 trees were selected for the study, with samples collected from three different organs: outer bark (OB), inner bark (IB), and wood. Samples were taken from each organ at breast height (approximately 1.3 meters above the ground) to ensure consistency. The sampling covered various age periods, specifically 1980–2020, to analyze temporal changes in Cr concentrations. Statistical analysis revealed significant variations in Cr concentrations across most directions and periods, with notable increases during certain periods, especially in the west direction. These variations can be attributed to several factors, including the proximity to industrial sources of pollution, which typically release higher levels of chromium into the environment. The eastern direction likely experiences greater exposure to these emissions due to prevailing wind patterns and urban runoff, leading to increased accumulation in Picea orientalis L. Additionally, seasonal changes, temperature fluctuations, and soil characteristics may influence the bioavailability of chromium, affecting its uptake by the tree. The results suggest that Picea orientalis L. can effectively reflect Cr pollution levels, with significant directional and temporal variations that highlight the influence of these environmental factors on Cr accumulation. This study underscores the potential of Picea orientalis L. as a valuable tool for monitoring and managing Cr pollution in forested environments.

The production of agriculture has undergone new modifications as a result of agricultural technologies. These not only boost agricultural output but may also significantly raise the caliber of produced food, cut labor expenses, boost farmers' incomes, and achieve agricultural modernization. The use of precision agriculture (PA) is expanding due to the rapid socioeconomic changes that are occurring in certain developing nations. There are enormous ramifications for urbanization, energy consumption, and economic growth in certain developing nations when fundamental changes occur. The research status and current agricultural technology achievements are carefully summarized in this study. In-depth discussions of thirteen significant agricultural technologies are provided in this article. All significant technologies from developed countries are discussed so that under-developed and lower-developed countries will benefit from this paper. Finally, some fresh concepts for each technology are offered, and potential issues in establishing such sophisticated technologies are identified. The main objective of this review is to increase knowledge of modern agriculture and the development process in the agricultural field.