Climate change poses a significant global challenge that exacerbates existing social, economic, and cultural inequalities, particularly through the lens of gender. This review systematically investigates the gendered dimensions of climate change impacts, focusing on the unique challenges faced by women and men in rural areas, as well as the adaptive strategies employed to mitigate these effects. This study employed a systematic literature review approach following established protocols. A structured search strategy was implemented across various academic databases (Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect) and trusted sources (United Nations Women, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Women, often responsible for critical tasks such as water collection, fuel gathering, and food production, experience heightened burdens due to limited access to land, financial resources, and decision-making platforms. Conversely, men are disproportionately affected by job losses in climate-sensitive sectors, leading to economic insecurity and shifts in traditional family roles. The central hypothesis guiding this review posits that addressing gender disparities in climate adaptation and mitigation is essential for achieving social justice and enhancing the effectiveness of climate action. This review underscores the critical need for inclusive and equitable strategies that foster resilience and sustainability in vulnerable communities while highlighting the intersectionality of gender and climate change. Strategies identified include capacity-building initiatives, inclusive policies, gender-responsive financing mechanisms, and participatory governance. Integrating indigenous knowledge and promoting cross-sectoral collaboration are pivotal for fostering equitable resilience. Achieving these goals necessitates collective action to dismantle structural barriers, ensuring that climate policies address the needs of all stakeholders. This study contributes to the growing recognition that sustainable communities cannot be achieved without addressing gendered impacts and fostering inclusive solutions for a more equitable future.

One of the major factor contributing to the decreased yield of cauliflower in Nepal is incorrect fungicide selection and dosages. Alternaria leaf spot (ALS) caused by Alternaria brassicicola, is a devastating disease that significantly reduces the quantity and quality of cauliflower. In vitro evaluation of seven different fungicides was done in a completely randomized design with five replications at different doses i.e., 50 ppm, 100 ppm, 150 ppm, and 200 ppm. All the tested fungicides significantly reduced (P≤0.001) mycelial growth of the pathogen in the poisoned food technique. The greatest reduction in mycelium growth was observed with hexaconazole and azoxystrobin + tebuconazole at the lowest tested concentration (50 ppm). Maximum inhibition of A. brassicicola growth was demonstrated by azoxystrobin + propiconazole at 200 ppm, followed by azoxystrobin + difenoconazole and copper oxychloride. The fungicides that were found effective in inhibiting mycelial growth should be tested under field conditions with multi-location and multi-strains pathogens to ensure that they meet specific requirements related to host and environment interaction. This will help to confirm their efficacy and determine the best application doses.

Tarım sektörü, yüksek enerji tüketimi ve çevresel etkileriyle öne çıkan bir alandır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, mandarin üretim süreçlerindeki enerji kullanımını ve karbon emisyonlarını analiz ederek, çevresel sürdürülebilirliği sağlamak adına çözüm önerileri sunmaktır. 2021-2022 üretim sezonunda Adana ilinde gerçekleştirilen araştırma, mandarin üretiminin çevreye olan etkilerine ilişkin önemli bilgiler sağlamaktadır. Elde edilen verilere göre, mandarin üretiminde kullanılan enerjinin büyük bir kısmı kimyasal gübreler (%33,88), sulama suyu (%23,94) ve pestisitlerden (%23,10) gelmektedir. Çalışma kapsamında, mandarin üretiminde toplam enerji girdisi 41604,60 MJ ha-1, enerji çıktısı ise 156582,40 MJ ha-1 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Üretim faaliyetlerinin toplam karbon emisyonu 954,69 kg CO2-eq kg-1 seviyesinde bulunmuş olup, emisyonların %25,97'sinin azotlu gübre kullanımından kaynaklandığı belirlenmiştir. Bu bulgular, mandarin üretiminde enerji verimliliğini artırmak için özellikle kimyasal gübre kullanımının azaltılmasının önemli olduğunu göstermektedir. Enerji tüketimini optimize etmek ve karbon emisyonlarını düşürmek adına, çevre dostu ve yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının kullanımının teşvik edilmesi gerektiği vurgulanmaktadır. Özellikle, kimyasal gübrelerin yerine çiftlik gübresi ve organik gübre gibi alternatiflerin kullanılması, mandarin üretiminden kaynaklanan çevresel etkilerin azaltılmasına katkı sağlayabilir.

Microalgae have been utilized to produce various products such as pharmaceuticals, food additives, biofuels, and in processes like wastewater treatment and carbon dioxide fixation. However, scaling up production systems to provide necessary capacities of industrial scale remains a challenge. Photobioreactors, of this scale, have traditionally been limited to large open ponds or raceway systems, which require extensive land and produce low-density cultures. To achieve high-density cultures, closed systems must be developed by optimizing light, photosynthetic microorganisms, and nutrients. This study explores the optimization of light sources in photobioreactors to improve the efficiency of photosynthetic microorganisms used in various biotechnological applications. Various light sources, including LEDs, fluorescent, and incandescent lamps, were analyzed for their photon output and energy consumption at specific wavelengths crucial for photosynthesis. LEDs (with peak wavelength of 643nm) were found to be most efficient light source in the PAR range, particularly influencing the photosynthetic rates of microorganisms by converting electrical energy into useful photons, as determined by the antenna pigments of photosynthetic microorganisms. The research underscores the importance of selecting optimal lighting to enhance yields in microalgae-based production systems at lowest cost, suggesting a potential shift towards more efficient, controlled environmental conditions for higher productivity.

Reproductive biotechnology in Bangladesh, especially artificial insemination (AI), in vitro fertilization (IVF), and embryo production, has significantly advanced in cattle, goats, and buffaloes. AI, introduced in 1958, plays a crucial role in livestock breeding, particularly dairy cattle, with 70% AI coverage. Programs by organizations like Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC), Milk Vita, and government initiatives have helped to improve genetic quality and address the shortage of breeding males. Conception rates vary by species: cattle (45.33-83%), goats (40.0-88.89%), sheep (26.7-56.37%), and buffaloes (25 to 56.7%), depending on factors such as semen quality, heat detection, timing, thawing, and technician skills. Hormonal treatments (GnRH, PGF2α) and synchronization methods (cloprostenol, FGA, double AI) have improved reproductive outcomes. IVF technologies promise to goat embryo production, especially with bovine serum albumin (BSA). IVF also holds potential for genetic improvement and the preservation of animal genetic resources. Optimized IVF techniques, oocyte vitrification, and hormonal treatments have improved fertility in cattle, buffaloes, goats, and sheep. Buffaloes have benefited from supplements like BSA, Stem Cell Factor, and Theophylline, while goats have seen optimized embryo production using goat follicular fluid and ovaries without a corpus luteum. Despite progress, challenges remain, including a shortage of skilled technicians, high costs, and limited infrastructure. Smallholder farmers struggle to access modern reproductive technologies and quality semen. The future of reproductive biotechnology in Bangladesh depends on expanding AI, IVF, estrous synchronization, and semen sexing. Investment in training, infrastructure, supportive policies, public-private partnerships and financial incentives, is crucial to enhance productivity, genetic diversity, and sustainability in the livestock sector. Addressing these areas will ensure a transformative impact on livestock productivity, rural livelihoods, and national economic growth.

The study aimed to determine the effects of biochar obtained from rice husk and corn harvest residues on the growth, nutritional content and some biochemical properties of basil plants. Both biochars were applied by mixing them into potting soil at 2% and 5% rates. To determine the effect of applications on plant development, the height and weight of plants and leaf weights, and number of side branches were recorded. Additionally, chlorophyll content (SPAD), phenol content, antioxidant content and P, Mg, Ca, K, S, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu and B concentrations in the leaves were determined. Compared to the control, significant increases were detected in the leaf weights, height and weights of the plants grown in all pots containing biochar. The highest plants were obtained from 5% rice biochar (RB5) treatment. The highest leaf weight and the highest number of side branches were also observed. in the RB5 treatment. Leaf K contents in RB5 and maize harvest residue biochar (CB) treatments were higher compared to the control. Leaf B, Fe and Mn contents were lower in certain biochar treatments than the control. Biochar applications did not cause a significant change in the antioxidant and chlorophyll content of basil plants. The total phenolic content significantly increased only in RB5 treatment. The effect of biochar application varied depending on the application rate and the properties of the biomass from which the biochar was obtained. Therefore, it is not possible to draw a general conclusion about the effects of biochar applications on plant growth. Contradictory results can be obtained depending on the type of plants and biochars and the characteristics of the growth medium.

In dairy farms, water is crucial for the health, productivity, and welfare of animals. Water is a fundamental component in all biological processes, and insufficient water intake can negatively impact milk production, reproductive health, and overall animal welfare. The water requirement for dairy cattle depends on various factors such as age, weight, milk yield, environmental temperature, and nutritional status. An adult dairy cow can consume approximately 80-150 liters of water per day. This requirement increases in high-yielding cows. Adequate water intake directly affects milk production, as approximately 87% of milk is composed of water. The quality of water is as crucial as its quantity. This study investigates the quality of drinking water in dairy farms within Niğde Province, Turkey, focusing on its implications for livestock health and productivity. Water samples were collected from 11 livestock enterprises, encompassing water tanks and troughs, and analyzed for electrical conductivity (EC), pH, nitrate (NO₃), nitrite (NO₂), and phosphate phosphorus (PO₄) concentrations. Results showed EC values averaging 0.803 dSm⁻¹, within acceptable standards for livestock, although high concentrations in certain tanks raised concerns regarding mineral content and potential health impacts. The pH ranged from 7.27 to 8.20, remaining suitable for all livestock classes. NO₃ concentrations averaged 21.834 mgL⁻¹, with no samples below the 10 mgL⁻¹ threshold, highlighting risks from prolonged exposure. In contrast, NO₂ concentrations averaged 0.251 mgL⁻¹, remaining within safe limits. PO₄ concentrations were minimal, averaging 0.056 mgL⁻¹, and posed no significant risks. The findings underscore the importance of periodic water quality monitoring in livestock farms to mitigate risks of contamination and ensure optimal health and productivity. These findings highlight the necessity for customized water management techniques to fit particular farm settings and advance our understanding of the complex effects of water quality on livestock performance.

Yerel geleneksel yemekler bölgelerin tarihsel, coğrafi ve kültürel özelliklerini yansıtırken, bireylerin yeme alışkanlıkları ise sosyal ve ekonomik yapıya dair ipuçları sunar. Günümüzde, küresel endüstriyel gıda üretimi ve dağıtımı karşısında geleneksel gıda üretimi ciddi bir rekabet gücü kaybı yaşamaktadır. Geleneksel tarımsal ürünlerin üreticisi olan çiftçiler, yok olma tehlikesiyle karşı karşıyadır. Bu durum hem geleneksel ürünlerin kaybı hem de yeme-içme kültürümüzün önemli bir kısmının yok olması anlamına gelmektedir. Avrupa Birliği (AB) bu kaybın önlenmesi ve sorunun tüm boyutları ile değerlendirilip çözümü için kısa adı TRUEFOOD olan büyük bir proje yürütmüştür. Bu proje kapsamında AB, geleneksel gıdaların küresel rekabet koşullarında korunmasını sağlarken, üretim süreçlerinin çağın gerektirdiği gıda güvenliği standartlarına uyumlu hâle getirilmesini hedeflemiştir. Türkiye’de ise bu sürece parelel olarak başlatılan ve yaklaşık 20 yıldır düzenlenen Geleneksel Gıdalar Sempozyumu (GGS) serisi ile geleneksel gıdalarımız kayıt altına alınmaya çalışılmaktadır. Ayrıca çeşitli kurumlar AB’de olduğu gibi Coğrafi İşaret (Cİ) tescilleri ile “geleneksel gıdaları” korumaya çalışmaktadır. GGS serisinde sunulan birçok makalede, geleneksel gıdaların sadece ham madde ve üretim teknolojilerinden ibaret olmadığı; bununla birlikte toplumsal kimlik ifadesi, dini ritüel, dayanışmayı teşvik eden bir olgu ve bireylerin hatıralarını yansıtan bir bütün olduğu görülmektedir. Serinin gelecek sempozyumlarında ise “geleneksel gıdalarımızın” kayıt altına alınmasında onların hikâyelerinin ve sosyolojik boyutlarının birlikte inceleneceği bir gelenek oluşturulmasının kültürümüzün devamlılığı açısından büyük yararlar sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.

Plants need to accumalate heat to complete a particular or whole growth period. This accumalation depends on temperature thresholds above or below which plant growth ceases, and on air temperature. It can be speculated that more heat accumulation is available for plants due to rapid warming within three or four decades. This study presents more recent heat accumulation for plants, quantified using a useful index called growing degree day (GDD), for five locations (Söke, Kuşadası, Aydın, Sultanhisar and Nazilli) in Aydın, Türkiye, during the latest climatic normal period from 1991 to 2020. GDD values were calculated both in monthly basis from March through October, and in daily basis from March 1st to October 31st. Monthly GDD averages, as expected, showed a pattern that increased from March to July or August, then decreased thereafter till October. Range and standart deviation showed approximately an opposite pattern, suggesting higher uncertainity in relatively colder months. The results are expected to provide farmers or agricultural practitioners with the latest averages of GDD to predict plant growth and development.

Soil pH, governed by the relative concentrations of hydrogen () and hydroxyl () ions, is a key factor affecting the chemical, physical, and biological properties of soils. Most soils in Türkiye are alkaline due to calcareous parent material and climatic influences, which restricts the availability of essential nutrients to plants. Sulphur applications are widely employed to reduce soil pH and increase nutrient bioavailability. The use of Sulphur for the amelioration of alkaline soils will continue to be a crucial strategy for enhancing agricultural sustainability in the future. This study investigates the effects of different Sulphur sources on the pH of sandy and clay-loam texture soils. This study investigates the effects of different Sulphur sources on the pH of sandy and clay loam textured soils. The soil samples used in the research were taken from Pınarbaşı and Melikgazi districts of Kayseri province, and soil samples were taken from both regions from a depth of 30 cm and from 20 randomly determined different points. Sulphur applications were applied at rates of (0, 0.02, 0.04 g 100 g-1) (X: powdered Sulphur ) and (0, 0.044, 0.088 g 100 g-1) (Y: granular Sulphur ) based on weight for clay-loam and sandy textured soils, respectively. Samples taken on days 0, 15, 30, 60, 90, 180, and 360 post-applications showed that the impact of Sulphur applications on soil pH change was significant across all treatments (p<0.01). The lowest pH measurement, 6.92, was observed in sandy textured soils with an application from granular Sulphur at 0.088 g 100 g-1. The pH change in clay-loam textured soils was found to range from 8.13 to 7.79, and in sandy textured soils from 7.69 to 6.92. These changes suggest that the acidifying effect of Sulphur oxidation on soil pH varies depending on the soil’s buffering capacity, particle size ratio, application rate, and incubation day. Consequently, the granular Sulphur was found to be more effective compared to the control and powdered Sulphur , and an application rate of 0.088 g 100 g-1 might be effective for both clay-loam and sandy soils. However, due to its lack of economic feasibility, 0.044 g dose or the doses from powdered Sulphur might be more appropriate.