Bu çalışmada; Türkiye'de kırsal alanlarda ısınma amaçlı olarak kullanılan yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarından güneşte kurutulmuş sığır gübresi külünün (SGK) farklı oranlarda çimento yerine kullanılmasının, hafif betonun basınç dayanımı üzerine etkisinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmada, hafif agrega olarak pomza bağlayıcı olarak da CEM I 42,5 R tipi çimento ve SGK ikamesi kullanılmıştır. Karışımlara çimento yerine ağırlıkça belirli oranlarda (%0, %5, %10, %15 ve %20) SGK ikame edilerek 5 grup halinde toplam 45 adet 150×150×150 mm’lik küp numune üretilmiştir. Taze beton deneyleri olarak-birim ağırlık deneyleri; serleşmiş beton deneyleri olarak da kuru birim ağırlık, su emme ve basınç dayanımı deneyleri yapılmıştır. SGK kullanılan numunelerde, SGK ikamesinin artması ile kontrol örneklerine göre su emme miktarında bir miktar artış, basınç dayanımlarında ise bir miktar düşüş görülmüştür. %5, %10, %15 ve %20 oranlarında SGK ikamesi ile üretilen numunelerin 28 günlük basınç dayanımı düşüş değerleri kontrol örnekleri ile karşılaştırıldığında sırasıyla %4, %4,6, %5,5 ve %6 olarak belirlenmiştir. Çimento yerine %20 SGK ikamesinin uygulanması, numunelerin 28 günlük basınç dayanımlarında %6’lık bir azalma gözlemlenmiştir.

Se evaluaron cuatro familias de hermanos completos de zapallo, Cucurbita moschata Duch, provenientes de dos ciclos de estabilización genética mediante cruzamientos fraternales y seleccionadas por mayor contenido de materia seca (MS) en el fruto y buenas características para consumo en fresco. La familia F7a sobresalió por su mayor contenido de materia MS en el fruto (15.86% ± 2.17) en comparación con el testigo comercial Unapal-Bolo Verde (10.68% ± 2.08), forma esférica levemente achatada, color externo amarillo claro, color de pulpa amarilla a salmón, espesor de pulpa de 3.71 ± 0.58 cm y peso promedio del fruto de 3.10 ± 0.73 kg, que la convierte en una alternativa para consumo en fresco. | Four full-sib families of squash, Cucurbita moschata Duch, from two cycles of genetic stability through crosses fraternal and selected by a higher content of dry matter in fruit and good characteristics for fresh consumption was evaluated. The F7a family had at increased dry matter content in fruit (15.86% ± 2.17) compared with the control-commercial Unapal Bolo Verde (10.68% ± 2.08), slightly flattened spherical form, external color yellow, light yellow flesh color to salmon, flesh thickness of 3.71 cm ± 0.58 and average fruit weight of 3.10 kg ± 0.73, which makes it an alternative for fresh consumption.

A field experiment was conducted out of college of agriculture and forestry during the growing season of 2007- 2008. The aim of the present study is to determine the damage of the larvae of wheat leaf miner larvae Syringopais temperatella Led., for two wheat varieties Um-RAbee & Tell-Afar3.. The result of this research revealed that the percentage of infested plants and leaves were positively proportional with increasing the number of larvae and negatively to the crops components. The injury was more obvious with the bread wheat variety (Tell-Afar 3) in which it was observed that the larvae favorites this variety more than the other one especially when added 100 larva / m2 at 12 / 4 / 2008 in percentage of infested plants & leaves reached 96.66 and 90.79 % respectively. Moreover, Tell-Afar3 variety gave the lowest values in the characteristics (leave area, weight of flag leave, weight of biological yield, number of spikes, length of spike, number of grains in spike, weight of 1000 grains, and grain yield ) with an averages of (9.07 cm 2, 0.046 mg, 425.00 g/m2, 200.00 spike / m2, 2.65 cm, 7.56 grain / spike, 33.18 g and 144.00 g/m2), for each, respectively. Whereas the durum wheat variety Um-RAbee was less favorite from larvae in which it was reflected in the percentage of number of infested plants and leaves plants and yield components in which the lowest percentage of infested plants and leaves were 83.33 and 67.89 % ,respectively. As well as it was showed increase in the characteristics (leave area, weight of flag leave, weight of biological yield, number of spikes, number of grains in spike, weight of 1000 grains, and grain yield ) with an average mean of (10.87 cm 2, 0.057 mg, 480.00 g/m2, 216.33 spike /m2, 9.30 grain / spike, 38.55 g and 167.63 g/m2) for each, respectively.

The objective of this study was to ascertain the impact of ultrasound application on the probiotic characteristics and antioxidant activity of yeasts. In this context, the pH changes, probiotic properties and antioxidant activities of K. marxianus (Km), S. boulardii (Sb) and S. cerevisiae (Sc) were determined by ultrasound application at different durations (5, 15, 30 and 60 minutes at 24 kHz). The lowest pH values were determined for cultures of Km (ultrasound non-applied K. marxianus), Sb-30 (30 min. ultrasound applied S. boulardii) and Sc-5 (5 min. ultrasound applied S. cerevisiae) as 4.48, 5.15 and 5.26, respectively. The hydrophobicity values of the yeast strains varied between 6% and 24%, increased with ultrasound application. Although S. boulardii had the highest tolerance to low pH and bile salts, the resistance of all yeast to low pH and bile salts decreased with ultrasound application. K. marxianus had the least survival under in vitro conditions, but ultrasound application increased survival of K. marxianus strains and slightly affected the survival rate of S. boulardii and S. cerevisiae. Increasing of duration time of ultrasound application resulted higher antioxidant activity and so the highest antioxidant activity was determined for Sb-60. Finally, ultrasound application could be used for the development of hydrophobicity and antioxidant properties of yeast cultures.

COMPENDIO Se estudió el efecto prebiótico del derivado de la lactosa (DL) en la población microbiana presente en las muestras de heces (inóculo fecal) de los cerdos posdestete. Se utilizó la técnica de producción de gas in vitro en 2 sustratos: el control pulpa de remolacha (PR) y DL. Se desarrollaron dos etapas. En la primera se determinó la producción del gas y las proporciones de ácidos grasos volátiles (AGV), evaluando la actividad microbiana en los niveles (0, 0.2, 2, 20 y 100%) de DL reemplazando a la PR, durante la fermentación de 144h. El tiempo medio de la producción del gas potencial se alcanzó a las 12h de la fermentación. Este tiempo se utilizó para la segunda etapa con tres niveles de DL (0, 20 y 100%). Se determinó el efecto del DL sobre la composición de la población microbiana (E. coli, lactobacillus y anaerobios facultativos totales), concentración de AGV y sobre el pH, como resultado de la fermentación bacteriana . Se incrementó la concentración del butirato (P < 0.001) y la acidificación (P < 0.001) del medio. El DL modificó la composición microbiana, que se reflejó en la disminución (P < 0.001) del número de colonias microbianas de E. coli. En conclusión el DL en niveles altos presentó efectos prebióticos. Palabras claves: Lactosa, prebiótico, fermentación in vitro, cerdo, butirato, Escherichia coli ABSTRACT Effect of Lactose Derivative (LD) on the present microbial populationʼs in the sample faeces of weaned piglets The pre­biotic effect of Lactose Derivative (LD) on the present microbial populationʼs in the sample faeces (faecal inocula) of weaned piglets was studied . The in vitro gas-production technique was used. Using 2 substrates: sugarbeet pulp (SBP) as control and LD as evaluation. Two stages were developed. In the first it the gas production and the Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA) proportions, during 144h fermentation, to evaluate the effect of the microbial activity with different DL levels (0, 0.2, 2, 20 y 100%), as replacement to SBP was determined. The half time gas production potential, was reached at the 12h of fermentation. This time was used for the second stage and the DL levels (0, 20 and 100%). Microbial populationʼs composition (E. coli, Lactobacillus and total facultative Anaerobes), VFA concentration and pH was determined. Effects of the DL were presented on the products of the bacterial fermentation in faecal inocula. An increment in the butyrate concentration (P

To increase yield and quality in agricultural production, it is necessary to perform management against diseases and pests. Alternaria, which causes several diseases in many economically important plants, is the most common species and widely distributed in nature. One of the important species reported in sweet cherry in recent years is Alternaria alternata. Many studies have emphasized the necessity of effective control with Alternaria species and examined the use of environmentally friendly methods against fungal diseases. In recent years, the use of plant extracts has increased due to their antimicrobial properties. Antifungal effects of Datura stramonium L., Vitex agnus-castus L., Xanthium strumarium L., Capsella bursa-pastoris L., Convolvulus arvensis L., Viscum album L., Echinophora tenuifolia L. subsp. sibthorpiana (Guss.) Tutin, Amaranthus retroflexus L., Chenopodium album L., Tribulus terrestris L., Solanum nigrum L., Nerium oleander L., Circium arvense (L.) Scop. and Brassica oleracea L. aqueous extracts were determined against Alternaria alternata. At the end of the 7-day incubation period, the mycelial growth of the fungi was measured and the antifungal effect of plant extracts was determined. As a result, the extracts were determined to inhibit mycelial growth compared to control. The plant water extracts used in the study were determined to inhibit the mycelial development of the pathogen by 20.20% to 77.12%. It is considered that different solvents and concentrations should be addressed to guide further studies. It was also concluded that potential plant species that may show anti-fungal properties should be evaluated.

In order to obtain twenty-one evaluated accessions from the Avocado Germplasm Bank of CORPOICA, Palmira Research Station with two pathogenic strains of the oomycete, Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands. The aim of this research was to identify avocado accessions, which used as rootstocks in a cultural control strategy for preventing root rot disease. Disease progression was evaluated using mycelium of the pathogen by cut-stem inoculation. The measurements of symptom progression length and width were carried out and analyzed. In order to obtain the area under the disease progression curve (AUDPC), these data were analyzed. A randomized complete block design (RCBD), with a factorial design of 3 x 21 in-subdivided parcels (2 strains of the pathogen, a control strain, and 21 avocado accessions) was performed. Eight readings were determined per plant throughout evaluation time. Statistical analysis showed significantly differences using the AUDPC for some avocado accessions. Tukey's test revealed five tolerance levels. Accession ‘NATU-001’ from Tumaco, Nariño, was identified as promising for its high tolerance and ‘CANO-008’ from Norcasia, Caldas, as a tolerant control accession had the second lowest value of AUDPC. Susceptible accessions used as control, e.g. ‘Hass’ variety and rootstock ‘Topa-Topa’, performed a very high susceptibility to the pathogen along with ‘QUIQUI-030’ accession from Quimbaya, Quindío, Colombia