Bu çalışmada, Denizli ili Tavas ilçesinde doğal olarak yetişen 38 badem genotipinin pomolojik ve kolorimetrik özellikleri incelenmiştir. İncelenen genotiplerde meyve ağırlığı 3,00-6,87 g, iç ağırlığı 0,26-1,98 g ve iç oranı %13,26-43,30 arasında değişim göstermiştir. Meyve boyutları açısından en yüksek varyasyon katsayısı uzunlukta (%18,70), en düşük ise kalınlıkta (%7,55) belirlenmiştir. Renk parametrelerinde L* değeri 36,51-55,90, a* değeri 10,11-15,23, b* değeri 26,16-39,93 arasında değişmiştir. Hiyerarşik kümeleme analizinde genotipler iki ana küme altında gruplandırılmış olup, genetik mesafe 1,21-10,05 arasında değişmiştir. Temel bileşenler analizinde (PCA) ilk beş bileşen toplam varyasyonun %68,84’ünü açıklamıştır. PC1 eksenine en yüksek katkıyı b* (0,433), meyve uzunluğu (0,389) ve iç uzunluğu (0,375) sağlarken, PC2 eksenine en yüksek katkıyı Chroma (0,429) ve iç genişliği (0,200) sağlamıştır. Çalışma sonucunda, incelenen popülasyonun önemli düzeyde genetik çeşitlilik gösterdiği ve özellikle 1, 5, 9 ve 17 numaralı genotiplerin ıslah çalışmaları için değerli genetik kaynaklar olabileceği belirlenmiştir.

Microalgae have been utilized to produce various products such as pharmaceuticals, food additives, biofuels, and in processes like wastewater treatment and carbon dioxide fixation. However, scaling up production systems to provide necessary capacities of industrial scale remains a challenge. Photobioreactors, of this scale, have traditionally been limited to large open ponds or raceway systems, which require extensive land and produce low-density cultures. To achieve high-density cultures, closed systems must be developed by optimizing light, photosynthetic microorganisms, and nutrients. This study explores the optimization of light sources in photobioreactors to improve the efficiency of photosynthetic microorganisms used in various biotechnological applications. Various light sources, including LEDs, fluorescent, and incandescent lamps, were analyzed for their photon output and energy consumption at specific wavelengths crucial for photosynthesis. LEDs (with peak wavelength of 643nm) were found to be most efficient light source in the PAR range, particularly influencing the photosynthetic rates of microorganisms by converting electrical energy into useful photons, as determined by the antenna pigments of photosynthetic microorganisms. The research underscores the importance of selecting optimal lighting to enhance yields in microalgae-based production systems at lowest cost, suggesting a potential shift towards more efficient, controlled environmental conditions for higher productivity.

According to the purpose of use, the buildings are named with names such as residences, commercial buildings, health buildings, social structures, educational buildings, sports buildings, worship buildings, etc., and classifications are made for agricultural buildings as rural structures, animal-plant production structures and protection-storage structures. It has become important to determine the type and thickness of the insulation material that will provide the most economic benefit to reduce the energy costs consumed by reducing thermal losses/gains in all building types and to reduce the damage caused by waste gases to people, the environment and especially agricultural production. In order to reduce thermal losses and gains in building exterior walls and to reduce heating-cooling costs, it has become important to determine the type and thickness of insulation material that will provide the most economic benefit. In this study, optimum insulation thicknesses, annual savings, payback period and reduction in CO2 emissions were calculated for heating and heating-cooling application in Tokat. DD method and LCA method were used for thermal and economic analysis. XPS and RW were chosen as insulation materials according to two different wall types, natural gas for heating and electricity for cooling as energy sources. The payback period and CO2 emission were calculated with a lower value in the use of XPS insulation material than in RW insulation material. For this reason, it has been determined that it is more appropriate to prefer XPS insulation material in terms of economy and environment only in heating and heating-cooling application.

Over the years, more than 3336 rice genotypes were introduced into Ethiopia from different countries and evaluated for diseases reaction and agronomic traits. However, morphological characteristics and relationships were not well investigated among genotypes. Hence, the objective of this study was to characterize 100 rice genotypes morphologically for better identification and to classify genotypes relationships. The experiment was done using triple lattice design with 10×10 in 2021/22 main cropping season. Twenty-five qualitative morphological traits were used to characterize and 13 quantitative traits were used to categorize relationships of the studied rice genotypes. The Shannon Weaver diversity index of qualitative traits were varied from 0 to 1. Moreover, based on quantitative traits the studied rain fed rice genotypes were grouped into four distinct clusters and four principal components with Eigen value >1 were contributed 78.99% of the total variation. We recommend crossing cluster I with IV genotypes to get early-maturing besides moderate grain yield variety for short rainfall season areas. And cross cluster III with IV genotypes to get medium matured, high filled spikelet per panicle, augmented harvest index, biomass and grain yield variety for long rainfall season areas.

Tephritid fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are the major damaging pest for the Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thumb.) Matsum. & Nakai). The quality as well as quantity of watermelon is greatly affected by fruit fly. This study was conducted to test the efficacy of different traps and baits for fruit fly control. The experiment was designed in a randomized complete block design containing eight treatments and three replications. Each treatment, 0.2 ml of cue lure as an attractant and 0.1 ml of malathion was used as a toxicant except control. Treatments were installed when the flowering was started. Data collection and treatment replacement were done simultaneously in every 6-day interval. The findings revealed that the diverse fruit fly species (up to 7) were trapped in all treatments however, the Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett, 1889) followed by Zeugodacus tau (Walker, 1849) were dominating over the other species in all treatments. Yellow sticky trapped the highest number of fruit flies (15.01±0.38), followed by brewery wastage (13.65±0.37). The male-female ratio of the trapped fly was (>1) in all treatments. Furthermore, the lowest fruit fly damaged percentage (0.87±0.16) with the highest obtainable yield (32.57±1.31) and benefit-cost ratio (1.63±0.06) was observed in the yellow sticky trap. From this experiment, the yellow sticky trap captured more fruit flies caused the least amount of fruit fly damage, and yielded the highest possible yield than the other treatments.

In today's marketing processes, knowing what consumers want plays an active role in shaping the products businesses offer and gaining a competitive advantage. This study aims to obtain a guiding result for companies in this sector by questioning the knowledge levels of consumers regarding honey products. The study aims to reveal the uncertainties in consumer perception between natural and organic honey and examine this distinction's impact on purchasing decisions. The research seeks to create more informed consumer preferences in the honey market and to show the contributions of positioning the product correctly in the minds of consumers. In this study, content analysis was conducted to determine the responses of 117 participants to the statement, “There is a difference between natural honey and organic honey, and I have information about what this difference is.” After the analysis, the study is shaped by dividing consumers into four categories according to their level of knowledge about honey. The qualitative research aims to obtain comprehensive information on the participants' awareness of natural and organic honey. The study results show that the concepts of natural and organic honey can be confused by consumers, and the difference between these two products cannot be fully conveyed. This result shows that organic honey businesses and regulatory organizations should inform consumers more accurately and clearly through marketing communication efforts in marketing their products. In the study, recommendations are presented to consumers and businesses based on the results of the qualitative analysis, and the methods that companies should apply to overcome the deficiencies in consumer perception of the distinction between natural and organic honey are included.

The aim of the present study was to determine the the effects of carazolol injection during mating following progestagen + eCG administration on conception rate in breeding season Lacaune ewes. Sixty-two Lacaune ewes were used in the study. On day 0, an intravaginal sponge containing 20 mg flugestone acetate was inserted and left in place for 10 days. On day 10, the sponges were removed, and each ewe received an intramuscular injection of eCG at a dose of 480 IU. Ewes in estrus were mated with a proven rams (ewe:ram ratio of 5:1). Fifty-nine mated ewes were randomly assigned into two groups: control and treatment. In the carazolol group (n = 30), ewes received an intramuscular injection of carazolol (0.01 mg/kg; Simpanorm, Fatro, Italy) on the day of estrus, post-mating. In the control group (n = 29), ewes were not administered any treatment. Pregnancy diagnosis was conducted in all ewes on days 30 and 60 post-mating using transabdominal ultrasonography with a Hitachi EUB-405 device equipped with a 3.5 MHz convex probe. The estrus rate, conception rate, total pregnancy rate, and early fetal death rate were evaluated across all groups. The study results indicated no statistically significant differences between the control group and the carazolol group regarding conception rates (62.1% vs. 66.7%) and total pregnancy rates (79.3% vs. 83.3%). In addition, as a result of repeated ultrasound examinations, no early fetal death was found in the study. In conclusion, carazolol injection during mating following progestagen + eCG administration did not increase on fertility in breeding season Lacaune ewes.

The addition of dietary fibres (DF) obtained from by-products into bread is an attractive way to enhance consumers’ fibre consumption while simultaneously reducing waste from by-products. This study aimed to examine the viability of replacing kohlrabi peel powder (KPP) into white bread at levels ranging from 0% to 12%. The technological and nutritional characteristics of white breads were evaluated, and sensory analysis was conducted. The specific volume values of the samples ranged from 1.486 to 1.861 mL/g. The findings showed that the specific volume of the white bread samples decreased when KPP was used at concentrations higher than 3%. The sample coded N4 (9%) exhibited higher moisture levels in both the crumb and crust, compared to the all bread samples (p˂0.05). The nutritional features of the bread samples varied as follows: ash content ranged from 0.573% to 0.588%, protein from 6.460% to 7.998%, fat from 3.200% to 4.200%, total DF from 0.250% to 3.214%, total carbohydrate content from 51.963% to 69.272%, and energy levels from 211.7 to 324.0 kcal. The sample coded N3 (6%) was approved by the panelists, however the other samples with a greater quantity of KBB were not favored. SEM images showed the gluten structure in the enriched bread samples coded N2, N3 and N4 were constituted by fibrous components that established a more open network. The study’s results indicated that elevated amounts of KPP might enhance the DF content of white bread; however, consumers do not favor higher fibre content in the bread samples. Utilization of 6% KPP could enhance the technological, nutritional, and sensory characteristics of white bread.

Plants are used by humans not only as food, but also for therapeutic purposes in medicine, as fuel and coloring matter. Plants, which are among the natural products consumed as traditional medicines, are used in the treatment of many diseases. Nowadays, many plants are widely used as nutritional supplements to strengthen the immune system or as an auxiliary nutritional supplement with other drugs in the treatment of chronic diseases. The plant Arum maculatum L. examined in this study is an angiosperm and monocotyledonous plant belonging to the family Araceae and a species in the order Arales. In this study it is aimed to study the bioavailability of Arum plant by using C. elegans nematode as a model organism. This study, the effects of the extract obtained by ethyl alcohol and water phase extraction of A. maculatum L., which is collected in spring and summer months and consumed by cooking fresh leaves and believed to be a source of healing, on the life span, egg production and growth-development parameters of Caenorhabditis elegans nematode were investigated. The data obtained were evaluated by SPSS program. Significant differences were found in C. elegans cultures of the extracts obtained from the leaves and flower parts of the plant in ethyl alcohol and water solvents compared to the control group. It was observed that the survival rates of C. elegans nematodes generally increased with the application of different doses of plant water extracts. This research will provide a reference for further research on the mechanism of Arum plants in the treatment of some diseases. Our research shows that this plant may have the potential therapeutic target about fertilization and growth and development process.

The quality of black seed oil depends greatly on the extraction method used. Traditional methods like cold pressing are valued for producing high-quality oil that retains its natural nutrients and flavor. However, these methods often come with a trade-off, as they tend to yield less oil and lower levels of bioactive compounds, making them less efficient for large-scale production. To overcome these limitations, seed pretreatment techniques were investigated. In this study, black seeds were subjected to freeze-thaw and microwave pre-treatment before cold pressing to increase the content of thymoquinone, which is a key bioactive compound in black seeds. For the freeze-thaw treatment, black seeds were frozen at -17 °C for 24 and 48 h, followed by thawing at 50 °C for 1 h. This process was repeated for 1, 2, and 3 cycles. Microwave treatment involved subjecting seed samples to microwave at a frequency of 2450 MHz and power levels of 400 W and 640 W for durations of 1, 2, and 3 min. Subsequent oil extraction was performed by using cold pressing. HPLC analysis showed a significant increase in thymoquinone content with freeze-thawed seeds (for 48 h and 3 cycles) showing a remarkable increase like 79.93% according to untreated black seeds. Microwave-pretreated seeds at 640 W for 3 min exhibited more than double thymoquinone content compared to untreated seeds. Other quality parameters, including moisture, specific gravity, acidity, peroxide value, and iodine value, shows comparable characteristics, while significant enhancing the sensory analysis of the pretreated oil (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that freeze-thaw and microwave pretreatments can serve as innovative methods for enhancing thymoquinone levels in Indian black seed oil, providing a promising avenue for improving the overall quality of this valuable natural product.