This study targeted to elucidate the effect of seed aging on germination and emergence rates with and shoot characteristics in wheat cultivars. For this purpose, different bread wheat cultivars stored for 7 years and non-stored were compared for coleoptile length, root mass, shoot mass, root length as well as germination and seedling emergence rates. Here, the evidence suggested that seed storage over a prolonged period affected root and Shoot growth, coleoptile length, seed germination, and seedling emergence rates adversely. By linking germination and emergence rates, the data presented here indicated that a reduction in emergence rate in long-term storage was higher than that in the germination rate. It was also found that there were significant variations among the wheat cultivars about investigated traits during long-term storage. However, the emergence rates of Kate A1 and Flamura 85 were not affected substantially by long-term storage. The study suggested future studies to focus on clarification of the process controlling natural seed aging as such knowledge allows clue the eventual consequences of long-term storage.

The paper presents results of survey research conducted in Łuck (Ukraine) and Biała Podlaska (Poland) in 2014. A total of 100 people, half of them Polish and the other half Ukrainian, were interviewed in the study. They were asked twelve questions, including ten open-ended questions and two questions which had 2-3 answers to choose from. The survey was anonymous and was carried out in five age groups. Analysis of the answers demonstrated that most respondents grew their own potatoes. The majority of Polish respondents said they consumed potatoes once or twice per week, Ukrainians eating them three or four times per week. In both countries, the preferred consumption form was boiled potatoes. Tubers for consumption were produced by the respondents or were purchased, mainly at the market. The majority of Poles wanted to know the country of origin of the potatoes they wanted to buy. Also, they were interested in the label attached to the package of the potatoes. Ukrainians predominantly made their decisions based on the price, the labelling being the least important. Respondents from both countries paid the greatest attention to potato flavour; they expected potatoes to be characterised by good cooking quality and appealing external appearance. They were by far less interested in an informative label and affordable price. / Synopsis. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań ankietowych, przeprowadzonych metodą wywiadu bezpośredniego w 2014 roku na terenie Ukrainy, w mieście Łuck i Polski, w mieście Biała Podlaska. W badaniach uczestniczyło 100 osób pochodzących po połowie z Ukrainy i Polski. Kwestionariusz ankietowy zawierał dwanaście pytań, w tym dziesięć pytań zamkniętych i dwa, w których trzeba było wybrać 2-3 warianty odpowiedzi. Badania przeprowadzono anonimowo, uwzględniając pięć przedziałów wiekowych respondentów. Analiza udzielonych odpowiedzi wskazała, że większość ankietowanych uprawiało ziemniak w swoim gospodarstwie. W Polsce największa liczba respondentów stwierdziła, że spożywają bulwy ziemniaka 1-2 razy w tygodniu, mieszkańcy Ukrainy preferowali spożywanie 3-4 razy w tygodniu, a preferowaną formą w obu krajach były ziemniaki gotowane z wody. Bulwy do celów konsumpcyjnych pochodziły z własnej produkcji oraz kupowane były głównie na bazarze. Większość ankietowanych Polaków interesowała się krajem pochodzenia kupowanych ziemniaków oraz etykietą na opakowaniu. Na decyzje zakupowe mieszkańców Ukrainy wpływała głównie cena, a opakowanie miało najmniejsze znaczenie. Ankietowani pochodzący z obu krajów najbardziej doceniali w ziemniaku dobre walory smakowe, ponadto oczekiwali bulw o dobrej jakości kulinarnej i o dobrym wyglądzie zewnętrznym. Zdecydowanie mniejsze wymagania ankietowanych dotyczyły „bogatej” w informacje etykiety i przystępnej ceny.

The aim of this investigation was to determine appropriate perennial grasses and their most suitable mixture ratios, which can be grown with alfalfa in binary mixtures. The research was conducted during 2009-2011 in Isparta (37.50 °N, 30.32 °E), located in the Western Mediterranean climate conditions. In the study, alfalfa was planted as a binary mixture with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.), and smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) in a randomized block design with three replications. Sowing ratios of alfalfa in the mixtures varied 20, 30, and 40%, and grass species ratios were 80, 70, and 60%. In the study, significant differences were found among the applications regarding hay yield, crude protein content, crude protein yield, NDF, ADF, land equivalent ratio (LER), and grass ratio in the hay (GR). The highest hay yield was obtained from alfalfa + orchardgrass and alfalfa + smooth bromegrass binary mixtures (25.98 and 25.78 t ha-1, respectively). Alfalfa + perennial ryegrass and alfalfa + meadow fescue mixtures gave the highest crude protein contents as 14.93 and 14.80%, respectively. The highest LER values were observed on perennial ryegrass and smooth bromegrass binary mixtures, and the highest grass ratios were determined in orchardgrass and smooth bromegrass mixtures made with alfalfa. Increasing the alfalfa sowing ratio in the mixtures positively affected all quality characteristics such as crude protein, NDF, and ADF. It was concluded that orchardgrass and smooth bromegrass binary mixtures with alfalfa produced high yield and quality hay and that the mixture should contain 40% alfalfa and 60% grass.

La investigación se desarrolló en la Estación Experimental San Antonio (EESA) de Cenicaña ubicada en el corregimiento de San Antonio de los Caballeros (Florida, Valle del Cauca). Se realizaron dos experimentos denominados condición húmeda (con lisímetros para el manejo artificial del nivel freático) y condición semiseca (en campo), utilizando un diseño de bloques completos al azar con tres repeticiones. Se evaluó el aerénquima presente en las raíces fibrosas de 13 variedades de caña de azúcar (Saccharum spp.) a 4, 6 y 8 meses después de la siembra y las variables agronómicas altura de planta, diámetro de tallo, población de tallos, peso de tallos por parcela y producción de sacarosa por parcela al momento de la cosecha. Se encontró una respuesta diferencial entre condiciones a causa de la falta de oxígeno (hipoxia). En condiciones húmedas el aerénquima ocupó 55% del área total de los tejidos en la raíz, sin diferencias estadísticas entre variedades; mientras que en condiciones semisecas sólo ocupó 33%. En ambas condiciones, el aerénquima no mostró asociación con las variables agronómicas evaluadas, no obstante la variedad CC01-1884 presentó el mejor comportamiento agronómico. | The research was developed at the experiment station San Antonio (EESA) of Cenicaña located in the village of San Antonio de los Caballeros (Florida, Cauca Valley). Two experiments were conducted one on semi-dry conditions and another on wet conditions, each one with a design of a randomized complete block with three replications. The aerenchyma observed in the fibrous roots of 13 varieties of sugarcane was evaluated (Saccharum spp) by 4, 6 and 8 months after planting. Agronomic variables as height, diameter, population, stalk weight of total plot, sucrose (% cane) and yield of sucrose per plot were evaluated at harvesting time. It was found that there was a differential response between environments because of the lack of oxygen (hypoxia) in soil. On wet conditions, the aerenchyma occupied 55% of the total area in the root tissues although did not show statistical differences between varieties, whereas the opposite occurred on semi-dry conditions where only occupied 33%. The aerenchyma was not associated with any agronomic traits evaluated. The variety CC 01-1884 had the best agronomic performance in the evaluations.

Siyanobakteri olan Spirulina platensis önemli bir gıda katkı maddesidir. Fotosentetik bir mikroalg olan Spirulina platensis yüksek oranda ham protein (%62-70) içeriğine sahiptir ayrıca kıymetli sekonder metabolitleri de içerir. Yapısında bulunan proteinler ağırlıklı olarak esansiyel amino asitlerden oluşur. Kanatlı hayvan yetiştiriciliğinde tüketici talepleri doğrultusunda üreticiler sentetik katkı maddeleri yerine doğal ve fonksiyonel besin katkı maddelerine yönelmiştir. Kanatlı kümes hayvanları üzerine yapılan çalışmalarda Spirulina’ nın büyüme ve gelişmeyi desteklediği, kuluçka ve kuluçka sonrası performansı arttırdığı, yumurta sarı skoru ve ürün kalitesini iyileştirdiği, hastalıklara karşı direnç kazandırdığı dolayısıyla fonksiyonel bir yem katkı maddesi olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada Spirulina mikroalginin besin değeri ve kompozisyonu açıklanarak fonksiyonelliği ve kanatlı kümes hayvanları (etlik piliç, yumurtacı tavuk ve damızlık) rasyonlarında uygulanabilirliği çalışılmıştır.

Seeds of Tetrapleura tetraptera trees have poor germination due to their hard and impervious seed coat. This research was conducted to determine the possibilities of reducing seed dormancy using seed pretreatment via the application of sulphuric acid and hot water and then phosphorus for better seedling growth. Seeds pretreated with sulphuric acid had a significantly (P˂0.05) increased germination rate (by 60%) compared to seeds pretreated with hot water (40%). The application of phosphorus fertilizer stimulated the early growth of the species. This research provides information for practical use.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of adding orange peel (PKY), lemon peel essential oils (LKY) and PKY+LKY (respectively 300, 300, 150+150 mg/kg) to laying quail diets on performance, egg internal and external quality parameters and hatchability parameters. The eight-week trial was conducted in 20 subgroups, with 4 treatment groups and 5 replications for each treatment, and a total of 120 Japanese quails at 10 weeks of age were randomly distributed, with 6 quails (4 females, 2 males) in each subgroup. Feed intake with the addition of LKY to the diet, egg production and egg mass with the addition of PKY + LKY decreased significantly compared to the control group, and the eggshell breaking resistance with the addition of LKY and PKY + LKY increased significantly compared to the control group. However, the addition of LKY, PKY and PKY+LKY to the diet did not affect hatchability and reproduction parameters. According to these results, the addition of 300 mg/kg PKY and 300 mg/kg (150+150) PKY+LKY to breeder quail diets had an effect on the increase of eggshell qualityi, although the performance was adversely affected.

The use of ground-based multispectral data for the evaluation of plant water stress and nitrogen status in Old Oyo national Park, Nigeria was conducted and classification was performed. The active area of nitrogen concentration in hectares was between 0.0 and 0.4. This active area was expressed in hectares (ha) and percentages (%) respectively. From the assessment, 53.52 ha (69%) and 24.29 ha (31%) were recorded at 0.2-0.4 and 0.0-0.2, respectively. Heat stress takes place when the regular temperature is above 30ºC, which could slow down plant growth and lead to the threat of deficiency. The heat stress reached a maximum of 40ºC in this analysis between February and May. The research concluded that the sustainability of crops and trees requires a certain quantity of 69 percent nitrogen and a certain level of wetness for their growth which is between 400 mm and 800 mm rainfall.