Tarımsal mekanizasyon, tarım alanlarını geliştirmek, her türlü tarımsal üretimi yapmak ve ürünlerin işlenmesini de gerçekleştirmek amacıyla kullanılan tüm enerji kaynağı, mekanik araç ve gerecin tasarımı, yapımı, geliştirilmesi, pazarlanması, yayım ve eğitimi, işletilmesi ve kullanılması konularını içermektedir (Zeren ve ark., 1995). Tarımsal mekanizasyon göstergeleri kullanılarak tarımsal mekanizasyon düzeyinin belirlenmesi, yörelerin ve ülkelerin tarımsal mekanizasyon seviyelerinin ortaya konmasında önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışmada Kırşehir ili Çiçekdağı ilçesinin tarımsal mekanizasyon özellikleri incelenmiştir. Çalışmada, Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu’nun (TUİK) 2023 ve 2024 yıllarına ait verileri ile Çiçekdağı İlçe Tarım Müdürlüğü’nden elde edilen veriler materyal olarak kullanılmıştır. Bu kapsamda Çiçekdağı ilçesinin tarım alet ve makine sayıları (traktör sayısı, biçerdöver sayısı, birinci ve ikinci sınıf toprak işleme alet ve makine sayısı, ekim-dikim ve bakım makinesi sayısı, bitki koruma makinesi sayısı ve hasat-harman makinesi sayısı) da çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir. Mekanizasyon düzeyi; traktör, biçerdöver, tarım aletleri sayısı tespit edilmiş olup ve tarımsal mekanizasyon düzeyi göstergeleri; traktör/1000 ha, ha/traktör, kW/ ha ve ortalama traktör gücü (kW) olarak belirlenmiştir.Verilere göre, traktör sayısı 1000 hektar başına 35,97’den 38,74’e yükselmiş olup , traktör başına düşen arazi alanı ise 27,79 hektardan 25,81 hektara gerilemiştir. Traktör başına düşen güç 2,49 kW/ha’dan 2,68 kW/ha’ya artarken, ortalama traktör gücü 69 kW seviyesinde sabit kalmıştır.

The tomato is a significant vegetable in the world on the basis of consumption, nutrition, and extensive use in processed foods. During plant growth and development, amino acids especially exogenous application of proline (Pro), plays a crucial role to increase stress tolerance under various abiotic stresses. Among abiotic stressors, temperature is considered as an important and alarming stressor for plant development and growth. Sometime a significant drop in crop productivity is the outcome of harsh temperature increment. An investigation was carried out at the Horticulture Lab, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, during 2021-22 to inspect the role of foliar application of proline under heat stress in tomato plants. Tomato seedlings with true leaves were exposed to high temperatures (25°C [control], 40°C, and 45°C) with exogenous proline sprays of (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mili-molars). Various growth attributes like morphological i-e number of leaves, leaf area cm2, shoot fresh weight (mg), shoot dry weight (mg), root fresh weight (mg), root dry weight (mg), and physiological [photosynthetic rate (µ mol/m-2s-1)], chlorophyll contents (spad), stomatal conductance (µ mols m-2 s-1 transpiration rate (µ mol/m-2 s-1),)] were studied. The findings indicated that foliar application of proline at 1.5 mM under heat stress on 40oC and 45oC was found to be more advantageous to improve growth attributes like number of leaves (12.2), leaf area (8.3 cm2), shoot length (10.39 cm), shoot fresh weight (1.88 mg), shoot dry weight (0.28 mg), root dry weight (0.20 mg), and remediated the detrimental effect of heat stress in tomato plants. The variation between control and proline treated heat-stressed plants supported that proline may have a function in alleviating heat stress.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of palm oil, African walnut oil and their blends on hematological, inflammatory, and some oxidative stress markers in high fat diet (HFD) obese-induced Wistar rats. Obesity was induced for 60 days and treated for 28 days using edible oils [palm oil, African walnut oil, palm oil: African walnut oil (50:50) and palm oil : African walnut oil (60:40)] and orlistat (10 mg/Kg). Thereafter the animals were sacrificed, blood was collected for hematological studies and the preparation of the serum, while the organs harvested were used to prepare organ homogenates. Serum and organ homogenates were used for the evaluation of inflammation and oxidative stress markers. Results showed that the oils utilized were confirmed to be of high quality through their good stability indices (peroxide value: 2.52-3.87meq O2/Kg; p-anisidine value: 8.24-12.33, TOTOX value: 13.37-19.46,). Looking at the haematological study, animals that received the HFD presented the lowest (p<0.05) hematocrit and Platelet. PO:WO (50:50 and 60:40) significantly (p<0.05) decreased the granulocytes concentration in the blood of rats. PO:WO (50:50) significantly (p<0.05) increased the lymphocyte concentration while 100% PO increased the mid-size white blood cells level in the animals. Serum levels of inflammation markers were higher (p<0.05) in the negative control group (354.44-385.82 pg/mL) compared to the other groups (147.22-271.55 pg/mL). The analysis of oxidative stress parameters revealed that the administered oils and orlistat generally exhibited good protections compared to the normal and negative control groups, which might be due to the presence of omega-3 fatty acids and bioactives such as β-carotene and vitamin E which have good antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It can be concluded that these oils have a role in protecting against obesity through their effects on oxidative stress, hematology, and inflammatory cytokines.

Bu çalışmada Trabzon hurması (Diospyros kaki L.) püresinin akış davranışını en iyi tanımlayan reolojik modelin belirlenmesi amacıyla pürenin reolojik özellikleri çeşitli pH’larda (4,0, 5,5 ve 7,0), konsantrasyonlarda (%15, %17,5 ve %20), sıcaklıklarda (25, 50 ve 75°C) ve kayma hızında (8,4–28 s−1) araştırılmıştır. Deneysel veriler Power Law, Herschel-Bulkley, Casson ve Mizhari-Berk modellerine uygulanmıştır. Reolojik modellerin akış davranışını açıklamadaki uygunluğunu doğrulamak için belirleme katsayısı (R2), hata kareleri ortalamasının kare kökü (RMSE) ve indirgenmiş ki- kare (ꭓ2) olmak üzere üç istatistiksel ölçüt kullanılmıştır. Herschel-Bulkley ve Mizhari-Berk, hurma püresinin tüm işlem koşullarında deneysel verilere en iyi uyum sağlayan modeller olduğu görülmüştür. Ancak Mizhari-Berk modeli R2 ≥ 0.983, RMSE ≤ 0.0683 ve ꭓ2 ≤ 0.0160 istatistiksel parametre değerleriyle hurma püresinin akış davranışını en iyi tanımlayan model olmuştur. Trabzon hurması püresi psödoplastik (kayma incelmesi) ve Newtonyen olmayan bir davranış (n<1) sergilemiştir.

The aim of this study was to determine the relationships between body defects, egg and chick quality and hatching results at different age periods of the laying period of partridges raised in production conditions (cage system). The study was based on three different periods. The first period is the pre-peak egg production period (˂200 eggs), the second period is the peak egg production period (˃200 eggs) and the third period is the post-peak egg production period (˂200 eggs). These periods also represent the age of the animals. As material, 432 female and 216 male partridges in their first egg production year were used. The study was organized according to the random plots experimental plan. There were changes in body defects and other health parameters depending on egg production periods. Foot-pad dermatitis and elbow burns increased with increasing age. Parent partridges had better head, neck, back, chest and tail feather condition before peak egg production. Egg weight increased with advancing age. Hatching egg characteristics such as excessively pointed eggs and eggs with calcium deposits decreased in the peak and post-peak yield period. Eggshell transparency increased with advancing age. Fertility was higher in the pre-peak egg yield period compared to other periods. Hatchability was lower after the peak period. Tona score of chicks decreased with age. There were weak negative and positive phenotypic correlations between many traits. Practices that prevent body injuries in the early egg production period and deteriorating feather condition with advancing age, decreasing shell opacity, deterioration in hatching performance and chick quality traits in partridges will be beneficial in terms of increasing both production performance and animal welfare.

Agroforestry is a system that combines household and community level food production ecosystem services along with income security. It has potential of carbon sequestration and puts a positive impact on balancing greenhouse gases. The research was carried out to assess the variability of carbon stock under the agro-forestry systems in Churiya range at Rakshirang Rural Municipality of Makwanpur district of Nepal. Thirty households were sampled for this study; ten households from each of three different systems namely, Agrisilviculture, Silvopasture and Homegarden for data collection. Simple random sampling was used for the sample plot selection from the selected agroforestry systems for biomass and soil carbon estimation. Each system consisted of ten sample plots. Diameter and height of all trees with diameter at breast height greater than 10 cm were measured. The diameters of the trees were measured at standard height, i.e., diameter at breast height. Above ground biomass, below ground biomass and soil organic carbon were summed to determine the total carbon stock in the agroforestry systems. Collected data were analyzed through tabular analysis, and volume and biomass estimation of the trees. Total carbon stock was found higher in Silvopasture system (32.41t/ha), 28.58 t/ha in Agrisilviculture system and 30.71 t/ha in Homegarden system. Results have shown the potentiality of agroforestry systems for carbon sequestration. Such systems need to be promoted for their efforts by encouraging them with some subsidized input support, financial support or some capacity building trainings by the government.

One of the cornerstones of a developed economy is undoubtedly the agricultural sector. Agriculture is at the center of both human nutrition and economic activities. The use of drones, especially in the process of spraying fields, has the potential to increase the efficiency of agricultural production. Drones can be programmed to scan the field and spray pesticides on these areas. This allows farmers to manage the processes of protecting their crops and removing pests more effectively. Spraying with drones minimizes the negative effects encountered in spraying with tractor-drawn machines. Drones can easily reach places that tractor-drawn machine cannot reach and can spray more precisely. In addition, thanks to drones, the need for labor is also reduced, so that one person can spray a large area in a short time. In this study, the process of spraying with drones was observed in detail by a company with an unmanned aerial vehicle-2 (UAV) license for agricultural spraying. This modern spraying method using drones was meticulously evaluated step by step. In traditional methods, farmers or workers may be directly exposed to pesticides while spraying with tractor-drawn machines, but thanks to drones, this exposure is minimized, which provides a great advantage in terms of occupational health and safety (OHS). In addition, the speed of the work process, less use of water and pesticides, and the need for labor are among the advantages. However, the problem of not being able to connect to GPS, accidents that may occur under the command of the drone, and limitations such as adverse weather conditions can be considered disadvantages of drone spraying. The findings reveal how drone spraying has transformed agriculture.

Seed maturation in hemp is not homogeneous, and the harvest is done when the seeds are 70-80% mature. This study was carried out to determine the germination and emergence performance of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seeds at different maturation stages. Mature, semi-mature and immature seeds were used as material in the study. The study was carried out as two separate experiments, germination and emergence. The germination test was carried out in petri dishes and the emergence test in viols. Both experiments were carried out according to the randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Germination rate (%), shoot and root length (mm), shoot and root fresh weight (mg plant-1) and shoot and root dry weight (mg plant-1) parameters were investigated in the germination study. In the emergence study, the emergence rate (%), seedling and root length (mm), seedling and root fresh weight (mg plant-1), and seedling and root dry weight (mg plant-1) values were examined. In the germination study, semi-mature seeds germinated but did not develop. Therefore, no data could be obtained from other parameters except germination rate. In germination study, germination rate varied between 6.67 and 84.67%, shoot length 27.2-38 mm, root length 39.4-50.8 mm, shoot fresh weight 30.66-49.89 mg plant-1, root fresh weight 4.32-7.69 mg plant-1, shoot dry weight 3.25-7.99 mg plant-1, root dry weight 0.68-2.03 mg plant-1. In the emergence study, emergence rate ranged between 5.18-82.69%, shoot length 68-136.4 mm, root length 37.4-69.6 mm, shoot fresh weight 60.33-154.80 mg plant-1, root fresh weight 27.30-46.73 mg plant-1, shoot dry weight 3.97-10.24 mg plant-1, root dry weight 2.61-5.43 mg plant-1. In both experiments, the highest values obtained from all the examined traits were obtained from mature seeds. In both studies, the highest values were obtained from mature seeds for all traits examined. Semi-mature and immature seeds gave similar results in terms of the traits examined.

Bu çalışma, aç bırakılmadan kırılmış arpa tüketimine dayalı tüy dökümü uygulamasında, farklı sıcaklık ve canlı ağırlıkların yumurta tavuklarının performansı, yumurta kalitesi, bazı organ ağırlıkları ve bacak kemiği özellikleri üzerindeki etkilerini değerlendirmeyi amaçlamıştır. Çalışmada, zenginleştirilmiş kafeslerde yetiştirilen 80 haftalık yaşta 288 adet kahverengi yumurtacı tavuk (Lohmann Brown-Classic) kullanılmıştır. Tavuklar tüy dökümü öncesi canlı ağırlık (hafif, orta ve ağır) ve sıcaklık (kontrol ve döngüsel sıcaklık) gruplarına ayrılmıştır. Tüy dökümü döneminde, tavuklar kontrol grubunda 21-22°C'de, döngüsel sıcaklık grubunda ise günlük 10:00-18:00 saatleri arasında 32°C'de ve 18:00-10:00 saatleri arasında 21-22°C'de tutulmuştur. Tüy dökümü programı gruplardaki tavukların 35 günde canlı ağırlıklarının %25'ini kaybetmesini sağlamış ve bu dönemde tavuk ölümü olmamıştır. Tavukların tüy dökümü sonrası performansları perdeli bir kümeste üç ay bahar ve bir ay yaz mevsimi koşullarında incelenmiştir. Tüy dökümü periyodundaki döngüsel yüksek sıcaklık uygulaması, verim dönemi performansını etkilememiş, ancak yumurtaların kırılma direnci, Haugh birimi ve ak indeksini iyileştirmiştir. Ayrıca, canlı ağırlığı yüksek tavuklarda, tüy dökümü sonrası dönemde yumurta ağırlığı, tibia ağırlığı, uzunluğu, genişliği, kırılma direnci ile femurun ağırlığını ve kırılma direncini artmıştır. Yumurta verimi, yumurta ağırlığı, yemden yararlanma oranı ve yumurta kalite özellikleri tüy dökümü sonrası dönemde, tüy dökümü öncesine göre önemli ölçüde iyileşmiştir. Tüy dökümü döneminde tavuklarda, dalak ağırlığı artarken, yumurtalık, yumurta kanalı ve karaciğer ağırlıkları önemli ölçüde azalmıştır. Tüy dökümü döneminde uygulanan döngüsel yüksek sıcaklığın ikinci verim döneminde bazı yumurta kalite özelliklerini olumlu etkilediği ortaya çıkmıştır.

Potato common scab incited by pathogenic Streptomyces spp. is a significant soil-borne disease leading to serious economic losses in potato tubers worldwide. However, there is limited information available in Egypt regarding the pathogenicity, prevalence, and variety of Streptomyces spp. inciting common scab. Therefore, this study aims to clarify the aspects of identifying and characterizing Streptomyces spp. obtained from scabby tubers as well as to evaluate their pathogenicity. In the present investigation, nine isolates of Streptomyces spp. were obtained from various scab lesion symptoms. Of these, the Ag2 and Man strains exhibited pathogenic traits. The pathogenicity assays demonstrated that the strains induced necrotic lesions on tuber slices and abnormal growth of radish seedlings. In potato pot trail, The Ag2 isolates caused deep-pitted lesions with a disease index of 73.30%. Additionally, tubers inoculated with the Man isolate exhibited visible brown raised lesions, resulting in a disease index of 63.97%. Subsequently, the strains were characterized based on morphological, physiological, biochemical and phylogenetic levels. Phylogenetic tree derived from 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that Ag2 and Man strains share 100% sequence similarity with Streptomyces caviscabies ATCC 51928 and Streptomyces enissocaesilis NRRL B-16365, respectively. The results of this study demonstrate that S. caviscabies and S. enissocaesilis are capable of causing CS disease in potatoes and may pose a potential threat to potato cultivation in Egypt.