Peppermint is one of the valuable medicinal and aromatic plants with its powerful flavour and fragrance. Its leaf and essential oil are used in cosmeceuticals, foods, pharmaceutical and personal care products. It is well known that yield and secondary metabolite biosynthesis in the medicinal and aromatic plants are strongly influenced by abiotic stresses. Salinity is also one of the most important stress factors affecting plants. This study was carried out to determine the effect of salt stress on growth, essential oil content and oil constituents in peppermint plants. For this aim, three different concentrations of sodium chloride NaCl (0, 100 and 150 mM) were applied to peppermint plants. As a result of the study it was determined that all of the investigated parameters were significantly affected by NaCl applications. Shoot length, fresh and dry weights of plants and essential oil content decreased in line with the elevating level of NaCl. Besides, NaCl also caused differences in essential oil composition. Menthol and menthone, the main components of the peppermint oil, reduced significantly when NaCl concentration rose to 150 mM. Based on the results, it may be concluded that NaCl especially at high concentrations considerably and negatively affected plant growth, essential oil content and quality of the essential oil.

This study was conducted to determine applicability of the Inward Processing Regime (IPR) in enterprises which are vegetable oil producers and exporters. The data was obtained from 26 vegetable oil producer and exporter enterprises by using survey method. Frequency tables, indices, and percentage calculating were used to analyse Data. Also, SWOT analysis was used to determine the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in the sector, and relationship among some variables were examined with correlation coefficient. According to research findings, 25 of the enterprises (96%) utilised the IPR. Since the enterprises started to use that system; availability of cheap raw material, rate of capacity utilisation, market share, and export value all have increased. In addition, raw material was found as an important expense item, and the most important problems were qualified as raw material inadequacy and high input prices.

With starting healthy consumption awareness in people throughout world, olive oil demand has increased and it is expected that this demand will increase day by day. As a result of increase in the demand for olive oil, the rise in amount of olive pomace that emerges after olive oil production is evident. The differences in olive oil production methods result in varied wastes in terms of property and quantity. Olive mill waste water and olive pomace possessing 35-40% moisture come out in 3-phase system while only olive pomace possessing 60-70% moisture comes out in 2-phase system. The quantity and pollution degree of waste water coming out in 3-phase system are considerably high from 2-phase system. Recycling of 2-phase olive pomace containing also olive mill waste water, which is highly harmful for environment and is generally discharged to nature without any treatment, is considerably important by processing. This review gives information about the necessity of drying of olive pomace and related studies with this subject.

In Mediterranean climate region, during certain times of the year the daily average temperature decreases under 12°C. In such conditions, greenhouse heating is essential to be able to get the high quality yield that is expected from greenhouses. The cost of heating varies from 20% to 60% of the total costs depending on the climate of the region, size, type and hardware of the greenhouse and type of plant grown in the greenhouse. The heat requirement in greenhouses is calculated based on the rudiments defined by DIN 4701 standards. However, the real temperature in greenhouses is higher than the outside temperatures used in calculations. For this reason, the heat requirement in greenhouses should be calculated by taking temperature increases that are caused by ventilation temperature and heat storage capability into consideration. In this study, the heat energy need of Antalya which is located in Mediterranean region is assessed according to its climate conditions. In the calculations, the different hardware structures are considered and the level of energy that can be saved is calculated. As a result of the calculations, depending on the month of the year, 12% to 29% difference is observed between energy requirement calculations based on the indoor temperature increases and energy requirement calculations based on outside temperature values.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of Bayvarol®, Fumidil-B®, Neo-Terramycin® on adult honeybee lifespan. Total twenty honeybee colonies were used and randomly divided into four groups (each group consisted of five colonies). Experimental groups: Bayvarol ®, Fumidil-B® and Neo-Terramycin® were treated to first, second and third groups, respectively. No treatment was done to forth group taken as control group. A hundred one day old worker bees were taken from each group and marked with different colors and numbered on the thorax. After the marked, all worker bees were given into the observation hive. Marked worker bees were controlled and counted daily. Statistical analysis of data was done by variance analysis method and between groups comparisons were done with Duncan's multiple range tests. Average lifespans of the first, second, third and control groups were 44.97±4.90, 46.86±6.56, 45.38±6.12 and 47.72±6.06 days, respectively. There were found statistically significant differences among average lifespan of first, second, third and control groups. This study showed that some drugs used to treat diseases and pests reasoned a negative effect on the lifespan of honeybees.

There are various food-processing technologies with the aim of protecting foodstuffs from environmental factors and increasing their shelf life. One of these is encapsulation technology, which has recently been used with an increased interest. With the fluidized bed coating, which is one of the physical methods used for encapsulation, the solid core materials are fluidized via the air stream and a film layer is formed on the surface of the core material with the coating material. The applicability of the fluid bed coating technique, as well as particulate properties, is significantly influenced by process variables used in the system, environmental variables and thermodynamic factors. The release characteristics of capsules formed during the process can be changed by various mechanisms such as heating, dissolution, mechanical or chemical fracture etc. and controlled release can be achieved. The fluidized bed coating method not only has the advantage of controlled release but also provides a homogeneous powder product, reduction of fine particles, development of transport and storage facilities, protection of reactive components, and prevention unwanted taste and odour. In this study, researches on fluid bed coating mechanism, fluid bed coating systems and applications of fluid bed systems in the food industry have been reviewed.

Antibiotic resistance is being constantly developed worldwide. Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (CNS) and Staphylococcus aureus are common causes of bovine subclinical mastitis. Bioactive compound of medicinal plants shows anti-microbial, anti-mutagenic and anti-oxidant effects. The anti-bacterial and anti-oxidant activities of Liquidambar orientalis (L. orientalis) extracts on subclinical mastitis causing bacteria in cows have not been reported to date. The aim of the present study was to examine anti-bacterial and anti-oxidant effects of L. orientalis leaf extracts on S. aureus and CNS isolated from cows with subclinical mastitis symptoms. In this study, 3.2 mg/mL minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ethanol extracts of L. orientalis has shown to be a most potent anti-bacterial and anti-oxidant for all isolated bacterial species from mastitis cows. In this study, it was investigated anti-bacterial and anti-oxidant potentials of acetone, methanol and ethanol extracts of the L. orientalis. The acetone extract showed maximum inhibition zone against S. aureus numbered 17 (12 mm). In addition to anti-bacterial properties, anti-oxidant activity of L. orientalis extract was examined by ABTS [2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)] free radical assay. Trolox was used as a positive control anti-oxidant. Ethanol extract exhibited a strong anti-oxidant activity like Trolox anti-oxidant which was effective at 2.58 mM concentration. Bioactive compounds of sweet gum may be useful to screening mastitis causing bacteria for clinical applications.

This study aims to explore the relations between governance and agricultural performance of countries. Data Envelopment Analysis was used to find out agricultural performance of 81 countries at first stage. Panel data regression was employed in the second stage to assess the relations between performance levels of countries and their governance. Six governance indicators namely; voice and accountability, control of corruption, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, rule of law and political stability and violence were analyzed in this stage. Findings show that firstly, governance indicators are highly correlated with each other. Secondly, developed countries are more efficient and have better governance than developing and undeveloped countries. Finally, a quadratic form of regression was the fitting model that is the marginal effects of good governance on performance are increasing in high values of governance.

Field experiments were carried out during the dry seasons in (2012-2013 and 2013-2014) to study the impact of Integrated Nutrient Management on some soil properties and nutrients uptake by red onion (Allium cepa L.) in Moda, Michika, Adamawa state, Nigeria. Soil samples were randomly collected and analysed for pH, EC, organic carbon, organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus before and at the completion of the experiment. Total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents of the onion bulbs were determined. There was an improvement in the fertility status of the soil as a consequence of integrated nutrient management. Combined organic and inorganic fertilizer application influenced the uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium by red onion. The highest nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium uptake by onions of 0.76, 43.82 and 2.42kgha-1 occurred when all treatments were combined. Uptake of N and K increased as treatment level increased. The P uptake was highest at lower treatment levels and could be linked to sufficiency of indigenous soil P for plant growth resulting in high P uptake with minimal addition of nutrient inputs. Integrated Nutrient Management could be adopted to improve soil fertility status and N, P and K uptake by red onions.

Araştırma serbest sistem yumurta tavukçuluğunda kullanılacak uygun tavuk materyalini belirlemek üzere yürütülmüştür. Bu amaçla yerli kahverengi yumurtacı Atak-S genotipi ile YB kodu verilen yabancı kahverengi ticari yumurtacı genotip verim ve yumurta özellikleri bakımından karşılaştırılmıştır. Araştırmada her bir genotipten 150’şer adet olmak üzere toplam 300 adet tavuk kullanılmıştır. Her genotip kendi arasında üç parsele ayrılmış ve her parselde 50 tavuk barındırılmıştır. Derin altlıklı yer sistemli kümes içerisinde birim alanda (m2) 5 tavuk yetiştirilirken, otlatma alanında ise tavuk başına 4 m2 alan ayrılmıştır. Aynı gün kuluçka çıkışı yapılmış olan yarkalar 16 haftalık yaşta özel bir firmadan temin edilmiştir. Araştırma 80 haftalık yaşa kadar sürdürülmüş olup bu süre zarfında verim ve yumurta kalite özellikleri tespit edilmiştir. Bu özelliklerden, %50 yumurta verim yaşı, yumurta ağırlığı, tavuk-gün yumurta verimi, tavuk-kümes yumurta verimi, yaşama gücü, ak indeksi, sarı indeksi, haugh birimi ve sarı rengi bakımından genotipler arasında farklılık bulunmamıştır. Buna karşın, 18-80. hafta canlı ağırlığı, yem tüketimi, yemden yararlanma oranı, şekil indeksi, kabuk kalınlığı, kabuk direnci, et-kan lekesi oranı ve kabuk rengi bakımından ise genotipler arasındaki farklılığın önemli olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmada, genotiplerden herhangi birisinin bütün özellikler bakımından öne çıkmadığı belirlenmiştir. Ancak, piyasa şartları dikkate alınarak yapılan ekonomik analiz sonuçları ve hayvan hassasiyetleri bakımından yapılan gözlemler neticesinde Atak-S genotipinin serbest sistem yumurta tavukçuluğuna daha uygun olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.