In many parts of the world, forests have been seen only as an economic value and forestry policies have been in this direction. Later, when forests started to disappear, the protectionist period started and forest policies were shaped in this direction. In this study, the reflections of sustainable foresty policy and environmental and forest protection in the Eurpoion Union (EU), Turkey and a few other countries are examined and the protection measures and recommendations of the countries are analyzed. The aim of the study is to reveal the devolopment process of forestry policies and to reveal what has been done to ensure the protection of forests. When we look at the policies followed by the countries, it is seen that the world is now pursuing a conscious forestry policy.

Bu çalışmada Bursa ili Karacabey ilçesinde hastalıklardan ari 550 baş sağmal kapasiteye sahip özel bir işletmede yetiştirilen Almanya ve Avusturya orijinli 494 baş Simmental (SIM) ırkı sığırın dış görünüş özellikleri değerlendirilmiştir. Dış görünüş özelliklerinden beden yapısına ait Sağrı yüksekliği (SY), Sağrı uzunluğu (SU), Sağrı eğimi (SE), Sağrı genişliği (SG), Omuz-bel uzunluğu (OBU), Beden derinliği (BD), Göğüs genişliği (GG) ve Kaslılık (K), meme yapısına ait Ön meme bağlantısı (ÖMB), Ön meme başı uzunluğu (ÖMBU), Ön meme başı kalınlığı (ÖBK), Ön meme başı yerleşimi (ÖMBY), Memenin önden görünümü (MÖG), Memenin baldırdan görünümü (MBG), Meme taban yüksekliği (MTY), Meme merkez bağı (MMB), Meme başı yönü (MBY), Arka meme başı pozisyonu (AMBP), Arka meme başı yerleşimi (AMBY), Arka meme yüksekliği (AMYU), ayak bacak yapısına ait olarak da Arka bacak açısı (ABA), Diz yapısı (DY), Tırnak açısı (TA), Tırnak taban yüksekliği (TTY) ve Bilek açısı (BAç) özelliklerine ait genel ortalama puanlar sırasıyla 142,73±0,207 cm, 43,66±0,164 cm, 5,13±0,039, 20,02±0,114 cm, 85,15±0,384 cm, 75,31±0,194 cm, 5,76±0,033, 5,41±0,038, 5,23±0,055, 5,47±0,060 cm, 3,49±0,025 cm, 4,01±0,043, 5,44±0,043, 5,11±0,041, 3,40±0,059, 4,66±0,066, 4,49±0,045, 4,62±0,048, 4,80±0,057, 5,60±0,049, 4,89±0,041, 4,94±0,050, 4,29±0,033, 4,31±0,32 cm ve 5,57±0,035 olarak belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, SIM ırkı sığırların BD, MTY, ABA, TTY ve TA özelliklerine ait literatürde bildirilen değerler ile bu çalışmada elde edile ortalamalar arasında önemli farklılıklar bulunduğu belirlenmiş, bu farklılıkların süt verimi yükseltilmiş Almanya ve Avusturya orijinli SIM genotipinden ve işletme koşullarından kaynaklandığı düşünülmektedir.

The fermented seed of néré (Parkia biglobosa), known as Soumbara, is a condiment widely consumed by the population in West Africa and Guinea in particular. The present study aims to use physicochemical, colorimetric methods and mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy to evaluate the evolution of the quality of Soumbara during storage (30 days). Thus, 5 kg of Soumbara were taken, subdivided into 7 batches of samples, and analysed every 5 days for 30 days. Physicochemical analyses (water activity, moisture, proteins, and total ash) would show that the storage duration induced a variation during storage; for example, the total ash contents on days 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 are respectively 3.96 ± 0.25, 3.89 ± 0.43, 3.97 ± 0, 23, 3.99 ± 0.12, 4.54 ± 0.14, 4.57 ± 0.2 and 4.8 ± 0.21%. During the first 15 days of storage, no significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed between samples. The colorimetric measurements showed that the storage duration did not significantly affect the values of a* and b*, except the L* value which decreased significantly (p<0.05) (42.16 ± 0.015 on day 1 to 40.02 ± 0.015 on day 30). Applying statistical methods to mid-infrared spectroscopy allowed a clear distinction between the Soumbara samples during storage for 30 days. The partial least squares regression (PLSR) applied to MIR spectra made it possible to predict water, moisture and protein activity levels, since R2 greater than 0.99 were obtained. The results demonstrated that mid-infrared spectroscopy coupled with chemometric tools could be used as a rapid screening tool to assess and monitor the quality of Soumbara during storage.

Since the concept of brand has a wide and diverse range, it is divided into different groups from different perspectives. Local brands are products that are produced, manufactured, and sold by a company in a specific city or that are distributed in a constrained area. This study’s primary goal is to assess how local brands selling milk and dairy products in a particular region are perceived by local consumers. It also seeks to analyze the standing of local producers in this sector and consumer attitudes toward regionally branded goods by highlighting the significance of milk and dairy products in terms of human health. The study makes use of survey information from 381 households in Süleymanpaşa Districts of Tekirdağ-Türkiye. The data were analyzed using fundamental statistical techniques, factor analysis, and logistic regression analysis. In the survey, it was found that 85.0% of participants were familiar with the idea of local brand, while just 15.0% were not. Consumers who said they buy local brand milk and dairy products made up 78% of the sample. Consumers found local products to be more natural and tastier than national brands. According to the factor analysis, the judgements influencing customers’ preference for local brand milk and dairy products were classified into five factors. These factors are named as naturalness and quality, price and promotion, health, food safety, brand and image. Logistic regression analysis was used to explain the association between purchasing local brand milk and dairy products and factor scores, as well as knowing the notion of local brand. Those who favor “Naturalness and Quality” in purchased milk and dairy products are nearly three times more likely than those who do not to purchase local brand milk and dairy goods. With a probability of 68.4%, those who do not understand the notion of local brand will not purchase local branded products.

Diğer hayvancılık kollarında olduğu gibi kanatlı hayvan yetiştiriciliğinde de işletmelerin masraflarının en önemli kısmını yem masrafları oluşturmaktadır. Özellikle, gelişmekte olan pek çok ülkede önemi artan, bulunması zorlaşan ve pahalı hale gelen yem masrafları birçok küçük ölçekli kümes hayvancılığı işletmesinin kapanmasına ve kümes hayvanı üretiminin toplam maliyetinin artmasına neden olmaktadır. Bu durum, kanatlı ürünleri olan tavuk eti ile yumurta fiyatlarının artmasına, gelişmekte olan ve az gelişmiş pek çok ülkede birincil hayvansal protein kaynağı olan kanatlı eti ve ürünlerinin tüketiminin ve alım gücünün düşmesine, yetersiz ve dengesiz beslenme gibi pek çok olumsuz duruma yol açmaktadır. Yem masraflarını düşürmek, dolayısıyla kanatlılardan elde edilen ürünlerin maliyetini azaltmak için alternatif bir yem madde arayışı çok önemlidir. Anavatanı Asya olan Moringa oleifera, besin maddeleri açısından oldukça zengin olan ve soya fasulyesi, mısır gibi geleneksel hayvan rasyonunda kullanılabilen yem maddelerinin bir kısmının yerini alabilecek bitkilerden biridir. Afrika ve Asya’da Moringa oleifera’nın kanatlı performansı ve ekonomik verimlilik üzerindeki etkisini araştıran pek çok araştırma yapılmıştır. Belirli bir oranda Moringa tohumlarının veya yapraklarının rasyona dahil edilmesinin, üretim performansını, et kalitesini, hayvan sağlığını ve refahını artırdığını, ancak daha yüksek miktarlarda kullanıldığında ise hayvanın yaşamını zorlaştırıp, üretim parametrelerinin azalmasına yol açtığı bildirilmiştir. Yapılan çalışmalarda; kanatlı rasyonlarına %5-10 arasında Moringa ilavesinin performansı olumlu etkilediğini gösterirken, rasyona %10’un üzerinde Moringa ilave edildiğinde ise hayvanların performansının kötüleştiğini belirtmişlerdir. Bu derleme, alternatif bir yem maddesi olan Moringa oleifera’nın yapraklarının ve tohumlarının kanatlı hayvanların performansı üzerindeki etkisini belirlemek amacıyla hazırlanmıştır.

With its high protein, vitamin and mineral content, Spirulina platensis (SP) is the most widely used microalgae as a food supplement and the most cultivated microalgae for this purpose. Zinc is a regulatory microelement that is incorporated into the structure of many proteins in the cell and is particularly deficient in cereal-based societies. Due to the high adaptability of SP to environments with high metal concentrations and its high capacity to secrete substances called phytochelatin and metal-binding capacity, in this study zinc-enriched SP (ZnSP) was produced by binding metals to SP by organic means. For this purpose, modified media with 4 different Zn concentrations were prepared and SP was cultured in these media. Optical density, chlorophyll-a, phycobiliprotein and dry cell weight analyses were performed to monitor the culture. During the culture period, biomass and filtered culture medium were collected from logarithmic and stationary stages and Zn analyses were performed. The most suitable culture medium and growth conditions were determined to obtain Zn-enriched SP. 338.4 mg kg-1 Zn was measured in SP biomass grown in Zn-3 medium containing 8 mg L-1 Zn. It may be possible to obtain Zn-enriched SP in this medium and under the specified culture conditions, and even this ratio can be increased by adding Zn to the culture medium after the logarithmic stage.

In the study, the aeroponic system examined the rooting performances of three grapevine rootstocks (110R, 1103 Paulsen, 5BB) commonly used in Türkiye. IBA was applied to grapevine cuttings to encourage rooting. Grapevine cuttings taken during the winter dormancy period were placed in the aeroponic system after the necessary pretreatments. Significant improvements were observed in root length, root number, and rooting rate during the rooting process of cuttings placed in the aeroponic system. No diseases or pests were observed during the rooting period in the daily checks. As a result of the study, the highest root length was 17.77 cm in 110R rootstock, while the lowest was 7.1 cm in 1103P rootstock. The highest rooting rate was 76.67% in a 25 ppm IBA application in 1103P rootstock and 73.33% in a 100 ppm IBA application. The lowest rooting was 10% in 110R rootstock at 100 ppm IBA application dose and in the control group. The study's results revealed the positive effects of aeroponic systems in increasing rooting performance. The advantages offered by these systems are essential in terms of sustainability and efficiency in agriculture. Considering global challenges such as climate change and the reduction of agricultural areas, aeroponic systems are expected to find wider applications in the future.

Wheat is one of the most important crops all over the world in terms of yield, production, consumption, cultivation, and adoptability. Wheat genotypes exhibiting different yield associated traits which influence each other in many ways. Therefor genotypic and phenotypic correlations are the breeder’s utmost priority to know about the inter-relationship between two or more traits which may be either directly influencing each other in a positive direction or indirectly swaying each other in a negative direction in breeding programs. To find out phenotypic and genotypic correlations among different productive traits, this study was designed at the research area of The Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, during 2022-23. The experiment was carried out by using 27 wheat genotypes comprising of nine parents and 18 F3 populations evaluated in RCB design with three replications. Overall the study exhibited that kernel yield plant-1, which is one of the most yield contributing trait, was significantly correlated with thousand-kernel weights, tillers plant-1and biomass yield, along some other yield contributing traits. The parental genotype, Janbaz, and cross combinations Watan × AUP-5008, Pirsabak-2005 × AUP-5008, Saleem-2000 × Janbaz and Watan × Tatara were the most promising genotypes for most of quantitative traits and; hence are recommended to be evaluated in further breeding schemes. Both phenotypic and genotypic correlation study exhibited that kernel yield spike-1 was significant and positively associated with plant height, tillers plant-1, thousand-kernel weight and biomass yield. Based on correlations, yield, and production the parental genotype, Janbaz, and F3 combinations Watan × AUP-5008, Pirsabak-2005 × AUP-5008, Saleem-2000 × Janbaz and Watan × Tatara were the most promising genotypes for most of the quantitative traits, which can be incorporated in further breeding program.

Geleneksel olarak kullanılan hayvansal üretim yöntemleri, artan nüfus ve yetersiz kaynaklar ile başa çıkmakta zorlanmaktadır. Hayvansal üretimde karşılaşılan bu zorluklara çözüm olarak ortaya çıkan makine öğrenmesi, hayvancılık sektöründe verimlilik, sağlık izleme ve ıslah alanlarında önemli gelişmeler sağlayarak çeşitli avantajlar sunmaktadır. Hayvancılıkta makine öğrenimi, önemli avantajlarıyla sadece çiftlik yönetimini optimize etmekle kalmaz, aynı zamanda sürdürülebilirlik hedeflerine ulaşmada çiftçilere güçlü bir araç sağlamaktadır. Bu teknolojik gelişmelerin hayvancılık sektörüne entegrasyonu, gelecekte daha akıllı, verimli ve sürdürülebilir bir hayvancılık pratiğine doğru önemli bir adımı temsil etmektedir. Özetle, bu derleme, derin öğrenme ve yapay sinir ağları gibi makine öğrenmesi yöntemlerinin çiftlik hayvanları yönetimine getirdiği somut faydaları ve yenilikçi olanakları içeren kapsamlı bir keşif sunmaktadır. Gelişmiş sağlık izleme, optimize edilmiş besleme uygulamaları ve stratejik üreme yönetimi konularındaki içgörüleri ile tarımsal sürdürülebilirlik ve üretkenlik konusundaki devam eden tartışmaya katkıda bulunur.

Numerous in-depth studies have described the fertility traits, growth performance and milk yield traits of dairy animals, which are considered indicators of welfare, but there are limited studies examining these traits within the framework of cause-effect relationships, especially in buffaloes. The aim of this study was to determine the changes in some milk, growth and fertility traits of Anatolian buffaloes over the years in some dairy farms where the Buffalo Breeding Project in Public Conditions was implemented in Samsun province and, to investigate the effects of first calving age (FCA) and calving interval (CI) on milk and growth traits. The study was conducted in 27 buffalo farms (3295 buffalo cows and 3317 buffalo calves) located in Bafra district, the region with the highest buffalo population in Samsun province, Türkiye. The data was taken from records previously kept within the scope of the relevant project. The data such as growth characteristics [birth weight (BW), 6th and 12th-mo live weight (LW) values of calves born between 2013-2020] and lactation traits of cows [lactation milk yield (LMY) and lactation duration (LD)] and FCA and CI values were analyzed by analysis of variance. The effect of years on LMY of buffalo cows was found to be significant, and significant positive changes were determined from year to year. In addition, the BW, 6th-mo, and 12th-mo LW values of calves also varied from year to year. As the FCA value of buffaloes increased, the BW, 6th-mo, and 12th-mo LW values of calves and LMY of cows increased. Similarly, CI values affected the BW values of calves (P<0.01), and LMY and LD values increased in parallel with the increase in CI values. Consequently, determining the lactation and growth traits of buffaloes could benefit developing herd management practices that would optimize these performance indicators.