Bu çalışmada Jersey ırkı sığırların süt yağı asit profili ve mevsimsel değişimi incelenmiştir. Araştırmada ilkine buzağılamış 15 baş Jersey ırkı sığır kullanılmıştır. Süt örnekleri yaz ve kış mevsimi olmak üzere iki defa alınmıştır. Yapılan analizler neticesinde mevsimin süt yağının yağ asitleri profili üzerinde sınırlı bir etkisi olduğunu tespit edilmiştir. Sadece 3 yağ asidinde (C21:0, C23:0, C18:1 trans11) mevsimsel değişkenlik gözlemlenmiştir (p<0,05). İstatistiksel olarak önemli çıkmasa da yaz mevsiminde çoğu doymuş ve çoklu doymamış yağ asitlerinin içeriğinin daha düşük ve çoğu tekli doymamış yağ asitleri içeriği kış mevsimine göre daha yüksek olduğu görülmüştür.

The date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.), primarily cultivated in desert regions like the Middle East, is a significant source of nutrition, rich in sugars, polysaccharides, and bioactive compounds such as carotenoids, flavonoids, phenolics, anthocyanins, and sterols. Notably, the polysaccharides in dates exhibit prebiotic properties, supporting beneficial gut microbiota. Research highlights that dates promote the growth of helpful bacteria, including Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, which enhance intestinal health, improve barrier function, and increase the production of short-chain fatty acids. Beyond gut health, dates offer additional benefits, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cardiovascular, neuroprotective, and blood sugar-regulating effects. This review synthesizes recent findings on the prebiotic effects and broader health impacts of dates, suggesting their potential in dietary strategies for promoting health and preventing gastrointestinal disorders.

In the arid conditions of the Steppe of Ukraine, the species composition of weeds characteristic of this soil-climatic zone develops. The correctly chosen method of basic soil tillage determines the effectiveness of weed suppression while simultaneously improving the growing conditions for sunflower varieties and hybrids. The purpose of the study was to identify the species composition of weeds in the steppe zone and establish the effectiveness the methods of basic tillage of soil in the technology of growing sunflower hybrids aimed at suppressing weeds and reducing the quantity of weeds in agrocenoses. Research has established that weeds of sunflower agrophytocenoses are represented by 78 species that belong to 2 classes, 18 orders, 27 families, 62 genera. In the agrophytocenosis of sunflower, the largest number of 93.5-96.3% is represented by dicotyledonous weeds (Magnoliopsida). The species composition is dominated by weeds of the Compositae family (Asteraceae) of the dicotyledonous class (Magnoliopsida), which leads to a significant decrease in the yield level. According to the species composition, 3 groups of weeds of the Asteraceae family (Asteraceae) were identified, of which 1 group of weeds is the most harmful and leads to the formation of a minimum yield of sunflower hybrids Yason and Daryi of 1.77-1.79 t/ha. The use of non-moldboard tillage leads to a percentage increase in the share of air dry mass of weeds of the Asteraceae family by 11.1-13.1%, while reducing the yield of sunflower hybrids by 0.13-0.21 t/ha. Thus, with the established species composition of weeds and the quantity of weeds, the use of plowing in sunflower cultivation technology makes it possible to form a maximum yield of 2.07-2.24 t/ha, providing more effective weed suppression in sunflower agrophytocenoses with a minimum percentage of air-dry mass of weeds of the Asteraceae family to the total number of weeds of 21.1-24.1%.

Bu çalışmada, portakal dilimlerinin kalite özellikleri üzerine farklı sıcaklık (60, 70 ve 80°C) ve mutlak basınç (15 ve 30 kPa) kombinasyonlarında gerçekleştirilen vakumlu kurutma (VK) işlemlerinde mikrodalga ön işleminin (90 W, 30 dk) etkileri incelenmiştir. Vakumlu kurutma işlemleri, aynı sıcaklık ve basınç koşullarında mikrodalga ön işlemi uygulanarak (MDVK) ve uygulanmadan (VK) gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında, polifenolik bileşikler (vanilik asit, klorojenik asit, gallik asit, sinapik asit, o-kumarik asit, epikateşin, hesperidin ve naringenin) analiz edilmiştir. Ek olarak, renk parametreleri (L*, a*, b* ve ΔE), esmerleşme indeksi (BI) ve beyazlatma indeksi (WI) gibi görsel kalite özellikleri de değerlendirilmiştir. Taze portakalların başlangıçta sahip olduğu renk özellikleri ve fenolik bileşen seviyelerini kurutma işlemi sonucunda en iyi koruyan vakumlu kurutma koşulları 80°C sıcaklık ve 15 kPa mutlak basınç olmuştur. Temel bileşen analizi (PCA) ve hiyerarşik kümeleme analizi (HCA) kullanılarak, kurutma koşullarının renk ve polifenolik bileşen profilleri üzerindeki etkileri kapsamlı bir şekilde değerlendirilmiştir. Bu analizler, ürün kalitesine ilişkin kimyasal ve polifenolik profillerin ayrıştırılmasına olanak sağlamıştır.

Biochar production has gained significant attention lately due to its potential to sequester carbon,                improve soil fertility and mitigate climate change. Various production technologies have been developed to convert biomass into biochar, each with its unique characteristics and advantages. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current biochar production technologies aiming to synthesize existing knowledge and identify research gaps with a focus on their potential to contribute to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2, 12, 13 and 15. The scope of this review encompasses various biochar production techniques including slow pyrolysis, fast pyrolysis, gasification and torrefaction. The effects of production conditions such as temperature, residence time, and feedstock types on biochar properties and yields are discussed. The prospects of using biochar in the agricultural system were discussed.  Additionally, challenges and opportunities associated to scaling up biochar production technologies are highlighted. The findings of this review have implications for the development of sustainable biochar production practices and environmental management strategies.

Bu çalışmanın amacı sulamalı buğday üretiminde, üretim girdilerinden kaynaklanan toplam sera gazı (GHG) emisyonlarının azaltılması da dahil olmak üzere, sulama yönetimi yoluyla buğday üretiminde enerji verimliliğini artırma ve çevresel etkiyi azaltma potansiyelini değerlendirmektir. Bu kapsamda gerekli olan üretim girdileri ve ürün verimine ilişkin veriler, 2018-2020 döneminde, Konya’da buğdayda tamamlayıcı sulama üzerine yürütülen tarla denemesinden elde edilmiştir. Bu bağlamda beş farklı sulama rejimi dikkate alınmış olup, bunlar: TTS, buğdayın üç kritik gelişme döneminde, 0-90 cm toprak katmanında eksilen nem miktarı kadar sulama; KTS-1, buğdayın üç kritik gelişme döneminde 90’ar mm su ile sulama; KTS-2, buğdayın üç kritik gelişme döneminde 70’er mm su ile sulama; KTS-3, buğdayın üç kritik gelişme döneminde 50’şer mm su ile sulama ve Y, yağışa dayalı konudur. Çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlara göre, en yüksek dane verimi (7918 kg ha- 1) ve enerji çıktısı (285857 MJ ha-1) TTS uygulamasında elde edilirken, en iyi enerji üretkenliği (0,935 kg MJ-1) ile enerji verimliliği oranı (12,46) ve en düşük çevre kirliliği (2272 kgCO2 eşd ha-1) KTS-3 rejimi altında gerçekleşmiştir. Çalışma kapsamındaki enerji verimliliği ve çevresel kirlilik analizi önemli bulgulara yol açmıştır. Konya gibi tarım arazisi çok, su kaynakları kısıtlı olan bölgelerde, birim alandan (1 ha) yüksek verimin elde edildiği tam sulama (TTS) yerine, aynı ürün miktarının KTS-2 altında 1,04 ha ve KTS-3 rejimi altında ise 1,09 ha’dan üretilebileceği görülmüştür. Bu yolla, ürün miktarında bir azalış olmadan, sulama suyunda %32,4 ile %49 arasında bir tasarruf sağlanırken, sera gazı emisyonu ise %10,3 ile %15,6 arasında azaltılabilecektir.

Consumers are shifting to a plant-based lifestyle worldwide as more sustainable and healthier alternatives. However, despite the increasing popularity of plant-based vegan products, scientific evidence on their nutritional quality and health effects is still lacking. This study assessed the nutritional and cytotoxic characteristics of the vegan and regular cheese varieties sold in the retail markets in Istanbul, Türkiye in terms of total protein content, amino acid profile, vitamin B, calcium, and in vitro cytotoxicity using Kjeldahl, LC-MS/MS, HLPC, ICP-MS, and in vitro MTS assay, respectively. Our findings showed that the protein content in the regular cheese varieties was 20.7%, while it was 13.3% in vegan tofu only. The ratio between essential and non-essential amino acids in the regular and vegan tofu cheeses was 36.0/64.0 and 38.0/62.0, respectively. Vitamins B6, B9, and B12 were detected in none of the varieties, and calcium levels were found to be 568.1 in the regular cheeses and 17.8 mg/100 g in the vegan cheeses. Besides, in vitro, MTS assay demonstrated that regular cheese Roquefort and vegan varieties significantly decreased the cell viability of the HTC-116 human colon cancer cell line. Overall, the current research highlights the need for a comprehensive evaluation of the vegan cheese types better to understand their nutritional, pre- and clinical toxicity, and bioavailability characteristics in a dose and time-dependent manner using advanced techniques and improving the nutritional quality of vegan products remains a challenge for the food industry.

The agricultural sector plays a crucial role in economic growth, employment, and food security. Although E7 countries (Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Russia, and Turkey) hold a significant share in global agricultural production, there is limited literature on the determinants of agricultural value added. This study aims to analyze the key economic factors affecting agricultural value added in E7 countries and assess the effectiveness of agricultural policies. The study covers the period 2001-2022 and employs the Panel ARDL method to examine long-term relationships. The findings indicate that the proportion of agricultural land and agricultural employment positively impact agricultural value added, whereas government expenditures may have a negative effect. Governments intervene in the agricultural sector through both direct and indirect measures. It can be suggested that direct income support policies for farmers may have the potential to increase dependency rather than enhance productivity. Although a detailed distinction regarding the implementation of direct payments during the analyzed period could not be made, the impact of government support is likely to vary depending on the type and implementation of the assistance provided. The results emphasize the need for more effective planning of agricultural support mechanisms. Redirecting public expenditures towards infrastructure investments, agricultural technology adoption, and rural development projects could enhance the sector’s long-term sustainability. Additionally, improving the transparency and measurability of support policies may increase their effectiveness and strengthen agricultural productivity. Policymakers should conduct a more detailed analysis of the effects of different support mechanisms to develop appropriate intervention strategies.

In the arid conditions of the Steppe of Ukraine, the species composition of weeds characteristic of this soil-climatic zone develops. The correctly chosen method of basic soil tillage determines the effectiveness of weed suppression while simultaneously improving the growing conditions for sunflower varieties and hybrids. The purpose of the study was to identify the species composition of weeds in the steppe zone and establish the effectiveness the methods of basic tillage of soil in the technology of growing sunflower hybrids aimed at suppressing weeds and reducing the quantity of weeds in agrocenoses. Research has established that weeds of sunflower agrophytocenoses are represented by 78 species that belong to 2 classes, 18 orders, 27 families, 62 genera. In the agrophytocenosis of sunflower, the largest number of 93.5-96.3% is represented by dicotyledonous weeds (Magnoliopsida). The species composition is dominated by weeds of the Compositae family (Asteraceae) of the dicotyledonous class (Magnoliopsida), which leads to a significant decrease in the yield level. According to the species composition, 3 groups of weeds of the Asteraceae family (Asteraceae) were identified, of which 1 group of weeds is the most harmful and leads to the formation of a minimum yield of sunflower hybrids Yason and Daryi of 1.77-1.79 t/ha. The use of non-moldboard tillage leads to a percentage increase in the share of air dry mass of weeds of the Asteraceae family by 11.1-13.1%, while reducing the yield of sunflower hybrids by 0.13-0.21 t/ha. Thus, with the established species composition of weeds and the quantity of weeds, the use of plowing in sunflower cultivation technology makes it possible to form a maximum yield of 2.07-2.24 t/ha, providing more effective weed suppression in sunflower agrophytocenoses with a minimum percentage of air-dry mass of weeds of the Asteraceae family to the total number of weeds of 21.1-24.1%.

This study was conducted on the Sinceri grape cultivar grown for both table and raisin (drying) purposes, in the 2021 growing season in Siirt/Türkiye. The primary objective was to create a microclimate within the vine canopy by installing net covers with different shading rates (35%, 55%, and 75%) during the veraison period, thereby delaying the harvest and obtaining high-quality, high-yield grapes. Regarding phenological development, the period between full bloom and harvest was the shortest under the 55% shading treatment, which also recorded the lowest mean temperature (28.54 °C) and the lowest Effective Heat Summation (EHS) value (1965.70 dd). The highest mean temperature (26.28 °C) was observed under the 75% shading treatment, while the highest EHS value (2401.05 dd) was recorded under the 35% shading treatment. In terms of yield compared to the control, the 35% shading treatment provided a 21.75% increase, the 55% treatment yielded a 57.44% increase, and the 75% treatment led to a 37.45% increase. Furthermore, it was determined that all shading treatments increased the macro- and micronutrient contents in grapevine leaves. Economic analyses for the Sinceri grape cultivar revealed that the shading treatments had a statistically significant effect on yield. In conclusion, the net cover with a 55% shading rate proved to be the most effective treatment.