The study was carried out to the effects of different plant densities and nitrogen levels on okra yield and plant development. Field trials were conducted in two locations, the training fields of the Ege University, Ödemiş Research and Training area, and Ege University Faculty of Agriculture, Menemen Research and Training Farm. The field layout was a split-plot design with 3 replicates, where main plots consisted of nitrogen applications and sub-plots of plant densities. Fertilizer was applied in the form of Triple Superphosphate, Potassium Sulfate, Urea and Ammonium Nitrate. Five different nitrogen levels (F1: 0, F2: 40, F3: 80; F4: 120 and F5: 160 kg N ha-1) and two different rows spacing (PD1: 15 cm×70 cm and PD2: 25 cm×70 cm) have been tested. Yield and yield components, plant height at flowering, height of the first fruits, the number of leaves, the number of branches, the number of days from sowing to first flowering, the number of days from sowing to first harvest, plant height, foliation status, total yield, yield of plant, average fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter have been noted in the field experiments. Total yield ranged from 5923.8 to 12888.9 kg ha-1 at the Ödemiş location, while it was 3363.3-5009.2 kg ha-1 at the Menemen location. In conclusion, the highest yield is taken from F2 in both plant densities in Ödemiş. In Menemen, the highest yield is taken from the dose of F3 (80 kg Nha-1) and F4 (120 kg Nha-1).

As it is common in tropical and temperate zones, mullet species constitute the most important fish species caught along the coast and estuaries of Turkey. In terms of ecology, tourism and and fish productivity (52 kg/ha), Koycegiz-Dalyan Lagoon Ecosystem (KDLES) is the most important lagoon, with a 5500 ha surface area, is the Mediterranean Coast of Turkey. In the dalyan (barrier fish trap) systems; approximately 225 tons (80-405 tons) of mullets are caught to obtain 5 tons of dried fish eggs per year. Seventy percent of fish production in the lagoon is composed of mullets. The mullet samples were collected monthly between October 1992 and September 1994 from eight stations (one of them is a marine station) by trammel nets. The ages were determined using by scales anda ge composition varied form 0 to 6 ages. Species composition of 1159 sampled individuals were proportionally determined as Mugil cephalus 45%, Liza aurata 35%, Liza saliens 14%, Liza ramada 12%, Chelon labrasus 6%. The growth performance indices calculated from von Bertalanffy growth parameters using by all individuals for the M. cephalus, L. aurata, L. saliens, L. ramada and C. labrasus were determined as 2.957, 2.866, 2.692 and 2.719, respectively. The highest growth performance index was calculated for M. cephalus. The growth performance indeces of mullet species in Köyceğiz-Dalyan Lagoon Ecosystem were found around the world averages.

This study was conducted in the Aegean region conditions of Turkey in 2020. It was carried out on May-505, a local cotton variety. The study examined the variation of seed yield, water use efficiency (WUE), and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) of cotton with different irrigation programs and water levels. The field trial, which was designed as two factors and three replications, was designed according to the randomized complete block trial design. Four different irrigation levels (IL) (100%, 67%, 33%, and 0%) and two different irrigation scheduling approaches (gravimetric and pan evaporation) were investigated in the study. Seasonal water use values in treatments varied between 215 (0%) and 746 (100% - Pan evaporation approach) mm during the production period. The average yield values obtained with irrigation levels, which have essential effects on cotton seed yield, are listed as follows; 2057 kg ha-1 (IL-0%), 3471 kg ha-1 (IL-33%), 3771 kg ha-1 (IL-67%), and 5083 kg ha-1 (IL-100%). It was determined pan evaporation applications performed higher yields than gravimetric applications. WUE values were between 0.63 – 1.04 kg m-3. The gravimetric method’s yield response factor (ky) was 0.73, and the pan evaporation method’s yield response factor (ky) was 0.89. These results show that cotton is tolerant of water stress. In conclusion, although the pan evaporation approach with 100% treatment is suggested for cotton production in the parts of the Aegean region within the semi-arid climate zone, while water resources are sufficient. When the results are evaluated in terms of seed cotton yield for a deficit irrigation strategy, IL-67% treatment with a gravimetric approach can be used.

The tadpoles of four amphibian species, namely the Marsh Frog (Pelophylax ridibundus), the Iranian Long-Legged Frog (Rana macrocnemis), the Caucasian Parsley Frog (Pelodytes caucasicus) and the Variable Green Toad (Bufotes variabilis), were exposed to acute concentrations (0 to 500 mg/L) of ammonium nitrate to assess the lethal effects (larval growth, abnormalities, mortality, and LC50 values). Eggs of each species were obtained from clean and polluted habitats in the same region and the tadpoles for experiments were provided from those eggs in the laboratory conditions. Although there was some variability between different populations of the same species or between different species in the observed effects, acute levels of ammonium nitrate caused decreased growth rate and increased abnormalities and mortality in general. Among the 4 amphibian species, the Variable Green Toad was the most damaged one in terms of growth reduction (on average 77-83%), and abnormality rates, and the most damaged one in terms of mortality rates was the Marsh Frog (on average 61-72%). Additionally, the species with the lowest concentration of ammonium nitrate, which killed half of its population, was the Marsh Frog. LC50 values for two populations of Marsh Frog were 37 and 59 mg/L. As a result of our research, it was determined that the acute fertilizer levels caused by agricultural activities in the region had very important harmful effects for all the species we examined. In this context, it can be said that very important environmental and biodiversity problems may occur if certain precautions are not taken regarding the use of the fertilizers and if the awareness of the farmers using these fertilizers cannot be raised.

The compost product, which is a biologically active substance, emerges as a result of microbial decomposition of organic materials under controlled conditions. This product, which is used for the improvement of soil structure and the development of agricultural products, also offers opportunities in terms of minimizing the damage caused by organic wastes to the environment. It is important to encourage efforts for compost production, especially in terms of both disposal and economic evaluation of wastes generated in animal production farms. Determining the most suitable location of a facility for the utilization of animal wastes as compost, which will be obtained from livestock enterprises scattered in different geographical areas, will be an essential study in terms of minimizing operating costs. For such a facility, it would be an appropriate approach to use multi-criteria decision making methods to choose among predetermined facility location alternatives. In this study, a total of 17 facility location alternatives with 83,163 cattle potential in Çorum province were ranked according to the criteria determined and weighted by means of SWARA method. The optimal ranking of 17 alternatives determined by K-Means clustering analysis was carried out by COPRAS and MAIRCA methods. According to the ranking results obtained from both methods, it was determined that cluster number 6 was in the first rank, cluster number 4 was in the second rank, and cluster number 3 was in the third rank.

In order to increase access to nutritious foods around the world, innovative technologies need to be developed and integrated into agricultural production systems. The new plant breeding techniques developed offer many advantages for making modifications in the plant genome. CRSPR/Cas9, one of the genome editing technologies, is an efficient system with high potential that allows the formation of target-oriented mutations in many agricultural products and allows the mutation of new and desired characters to be obtained through breeding programs without the use of foreign genetic elements. In this review, we have summarize the discovery, evalution, functionality, genome editing studies of plants and the strong potentials of CRSPR/Cas9 technology for plant breeding.

Son yıllarda gerek tarımsal ilaçların gerekse kimyasal gübrelerin bilinçsizce kullanımı bitkisel üretimde artışın yanında kalitesiz ve insan sağlığını tehdit edecek ürünlerin ortaya çıkmasına neden olmuştur. Söz konusu sorunlara karşı sürdürebilir tarım ve değişik tarım alternatifleri konusunda çalışmalara ihtiyaç olduğu görülmektedir. Bitkilerin farklı tarım uygulamaları altında en yaygın sorununun azot (N) kullanım şekli olduğu görülmektedir. Bitkinin N kullanım etkinliğinde, uygulanan gübrenin N dozu ve formunun önemli olduğu düşünülmektedir. Bu amaçla, sera koşullarında artan dozlarda (0 (kontrol), 100, 200, 400 ve 800 mg N kg-1) ve farklı formlarda (mineral, organik) N uygulamalarının buğday bitkisinin büyüme, yeşil aksamda klorofilin bir ifadesi olan SPAD değeri, yeşil aksam kuru madde verimi ve yeşil aksam N konsantrasyonu üzerine etkisi belirlenmiştir. Denemeden elde edilen bulgulara göre, N noksanlığından kaynaklı verim kayıplarının olduğu buna karşılık N uygulamasının söz konusu verim kayıplarının önüne geçtiği saptanmıştır. Azot uygulamasından kaynaklı verim artış oranları üzerine uygulanan N formunun da önemli olabildiği belirlenmiştir. Özellikle mineral gübre uygulamasında verim artış oranlarının %58 ile %87 arasında değiştiği buna karşılık organik kaynaklı gübre uygulamalarının verim değerlerinde kısmen düşüşe neden olduğu görülmüştür. Farklı formlardaki N uygulamaları, bitkinin yeşil aksam kuru madde veriminin aksine yeşil aksam N konsantrasyonunu arttırmıştır. Bu artışlarda, N uygulama dozunun önemli olduğu buna karşılık uygulanan gübre formunun önemli bir farklılık yaratmadığı belirlenmiştir. Sonuçlar genel olarak değerlendirildiğinde en etkin N uygulama dozunun 200 mg kg-1 olduğu, bunun dışında N formları içinde bitkinin büyümesinde ve N kullanım etkinliğinde en etkin formun organik kaynaklı gübre olduğu görülmüştür.

Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, bitkinin polifenolik profilinde etkin önemli bir bileşen olan ve antioksidan, antibakteriyel ve antiviral özellikleri ile öne çıkan rosmarinik asit (RA) ile diğer antioksidan bileşenlerin hidroalkolik çözücü ekstraksiyonuna dayalı bir yöntem geliştirmek ve optimize etmektir. Ekstraksiyon gibi karmaşık süreçleri modellemek ve optimize etmek için yumuşak bilgi işlem tabanlı kemometrik çalışmalara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bu sebeple yapılan çalışmada, değerli bir tıbbi aromatik bitki kaynağı olan Ocimum bacilicum L.’den biyoaktif RA’in yeşil ve basit bir teknikle ekstraksiyon koşullarını, kemometrik yöntemler kullanılarak modellenmesi ve optimizasyonu sağlanmıştır. Bunun yanı sıra O. basilicum’ da bulunan RA’in potansiyelini, Toplam fenolik madde (TFM) miktarı ve Toplam antioksidan aktivite (TAA) ile değerlendirmek de hedeflenmektedir. Yapılan çalışmada RSM-CCD/dar faktöriyel tasarım kullanılmış, çok yanıtlı optimizasyon Pareto çözümleri yardımıyla çözülmüş ve optimum girdi değişkeni değerlerini belirlemek için İstenebilirlik fonksiyonu kullanılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, O. basilicum L. ekstraksiyonun optimum koşulları; %47,7 EtOH konsantrasyonu, 30,0°C sıcaklık, 77,6 dk ekstraksiyon süresi ve 10 mL/g çözücü/katı oranı bulunmuştur. Optimum koşullar altında elde edilen deneysel sonuçlar TFM, TAA ve RA için sırasıyla 171,46±1,87 mg GAE/g, 4,76±0,32 mg Troloks/mL ve 8,93±0,65 mg/g’dır. Matematiksel modelden tahmin edilen sonuçlar sırasıyla (172,26 mg GAE/g), (4,13 mg Troloks/mL) ve (8,89 mg/g) olarak bulunmuştur.

This study was carried out in Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University, Faculty of Agriculture, Field Crops Department, Industrial Plants Tissue Culture Laboratory in 2020. In the study, effects of different media (LS media, LS+1 mg/L Gibberellic acid (GA3), 0.1 mg/L kinetin (KIN) and LS+0.5 mg/L indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) on sweet potato genotypes (Havuc and Hatay Yerlisi) were investigated. Plant and root weights, plant and root lengths, and number of nodes and roots were determined. In this study, plants grown in cytokinin and gibberellin media had higher root number, root weight, root length, plant height, number of nodes and plant weight compared to the ones grown in auxin media. Havuc local genotype had higher values in terms of the investigated traits in all of the media studied.

The study aimed to identify the major challenges that affect the market information system, assess the possible mechanism that would increase their speculative and bargaining capacity power and to explore feasible information system solutions. Data were collected with structured questionnaire from104 farmers of different market using clustered sampling techniques. Descriptive research design and mixed (qualitative and quantitative) research approach vis-à-vis value chain approach is applied and developed an intermediary driven value chain model that links farmers to the market as a way to improve the unidirectional, selectively beneficiary traditional system. Using nine criteria on the multitude of alternative information delivery mechanisms for small holding farmers, Interactive Voice Response based system is found to be of highly effective. Restructuring the market information by bringing the most important wholesalers in to the system, enhancing the functionalities of the market by creating localized price data and creating demand forecasting platform by distinguishing crops that continuously face marketing problems are suggested as short-term action while, increasing economies of scale in production and distribution by consolidating farmers’ cooperatives, encouraging the development of third-party logistics, investing on the physical agro-logistics infrastructure to support long-distance, high-volume agricultural product transportation modes as well as increasing the refrigerated storage capacity at wholesale markets to nurture cold chain technologies are very crucial tasks in the long run.