This study aimed to identfy chemical composition, ruminal degradation characeristics and metabolizable energy (ME) content of five different chickpea line and a check cultivar’s straw using nylon bag technique. Feed samples were incubated as three replicates of each fistulated Holstein heifer for 0, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96 h. Degradation characteristics of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) in rumen were determined by using this mathematical expression D=a+b(1-e-ct). Crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and ash contents of straw were ranged from 5.61 to 7.42%, 51.33 to 56.0%, 63.67 to 67.0%, and 8.0 to 9.0% respectively. Besides Rapidly soluble fraction (a), potantial degradability (a+b) and effective dry matter degradability (EDDM ) were ranged from 17.86 to 21.41, 54.40 to 59.43, 49.65 to 54.91% respectively. Estimated ME of chickpea entries straw were ranged from 5.96 to 7.37 MJ/kg. Metabolizable energy content of control chickpea cultivar was significantly higher than the other chickpea straw of lines. The research values of ME revealed that significant differences were determined among the lines in terms of energy content. In addition to, a strong relationship between straw NDF level and ME content were determined.

In this study it was aimed to produce a commercial aquatic plant Vallisneria spiralis in a controlled- aquaculture system. In order to determine the potential of the plant to utilize different nutrient resources relative growth rate depends on biomass yield and individual plant number and length composition of V. spiralis cultivated in semi-shadow and non-shadow conditions were determined. Results of the present work showed that V. spiralis utilized different nutrient resources effectively such as cow, lamb, chicken and commercial fertilizer TSP in cultivation conditions and increased its weight and individual number compare to the control group where nutrient addition is not applied. In semi-shadow condition V. spiralis fresh biomass yield and plant number increase were the highest in cow group and found to be 1.52%±0.03 g.day-1 and 1.80%±0.05 individual.day-1 respectively. The mean length of V. spiralis was found to be the highest (83.56±26.14 cm) in lamb fertilizer group. In non-shadow conditions V. spiralis fresh biomass yield and plant number increase were the highest in cow group and found to be 2.73%±0.07 g.day-1 and 2.52%±0.6 individual.day-1 respectively. The mean length of V. spiralis was found to be the highest (92.74±27.93 cm) in cow fertilizer group as well.

Plant sterols are belong to triterpenes family of natural products which includes more than 200 different types of plant sterols and more than 4000 other types of triterpenes. The optimization of method, specially the derivatization step as well as the corresponding analytical validation, is the main goal of this study. The optimum temperature, time and reagent volume of derivatization step were obtained at 60°C, 60 minutes and 50 µL, respectively. A rapid and sensitive gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric method was developed and validated for quantitative analysis of the most common plant sterols (β-sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol) in 20 Turkish bread wheat cultivars using GC-MS-SIM. Separation of β-cholestanol (I.S), campesterol, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol was achieved on Rxi (5Sil MS) column (60 m×0.25 mm). The limits of detection for β-sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol were 0.074, 0.054 and 0.064 mg kg-1, respectively with RSD ≤ 0.66%. The obtained concentrations of campesterol, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol from 20 Turkish bread wheat cultivars ranged from: 15.30 to 76.02, 4.27 to 23.23 and 303.21 to 682.66 mg kg-1, respectively.

This study was conducted to determine the change of fatty acids ratios of some rose hip species seeds in different harvest times. Seeds of five genotypes belonging to rose hip species (Rosa sp.) were used in the study. The fruits of species were harvested in six different ripening times and analyzed. Total oil analysis was performed for the fifth harvest only, which was determined as the optimal harvest time. As a result; total oil ratio of rose hip seeds varied as 5.22 and 6.62 g/100g respectively for accessions of Rosa dumalis (MR-12 and MR-15), 6.37 g/100g for R. canina (MR-26), 5.00 g/100g for R. dumalis ssp. boissieri (MR-46) and 5.29 g/100g for R. villosa (MR-84). Eleven fatty acids were determined in rose hip seeds. Among these fatty acids linoleic, oleic, linolenic, palmitic and stearic acids respectively had high ratio. Saturated fatty acids ratio (SFAs) was the highest in R. canina (MR-26) and the lowest in R. dumalis (MR-12); monounsaturated fatty acids ratio (MUFAs) was the highest in R. dumalis (MR-12) and the lowest in R. dumalis ssp. boissieri (MR-46); polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio (PUFAs) was the highest in R. dumalis ssp. boissieri (MR-46) and the lowest in R. dumalis (MR-12). Mono and polyunsaturated fatty acid contents obtained in this study was high; the change of fatty acid profile in the studied species in relation to harvest time was significant for some species and insignificant for others. A conclusion was reached that it is important to pay attention to qualitative and quantitative properties of seeds when conducting studies about rose hip improvement.

Dracocephalum moldavica L. has been used as both treatment of coronary heart disorders and food supplements. In the present study, determination of total phenolic and flavonoid content in methanol, ethanol and methanol/ethanol extracts of leaf was studied in Iranian Moldavian balm for the first time. Antioxidant activity of the studied plant was also measured. The methanol extract had the highest phenolic and flavonoid content, anthocyanin, DPPH and H2O2 radical scavenging activity. The ethanol extract showed the least amount of all. The methanol/ethanol extract showed the highest amount in two oxides including nitric and superoxide radical scavenging activities; it also showed the highest Ferric Reducing Ability Power. The obtained chromatograms of the plant using High Performance Liquid Chromatography showed that the highest and the lowest found phenolic compounds were caffeic acid and vanilic acid, respectively. The results show that this plant is a suitable natural antioxidant to reduce the oxidative stress in human being.

Fresh-cut fruits and vegetables have longer shelf lives when appropriate packaging materials having proper permeability properties are used. For this reason eight different packaging materials having different permeability properties were used and it was aimed to determine the appropriate packaging material and analytical and mathematical shelf lives of fresh cut red cabbage. Head space analysis, microbiological and sensorial analysis together with pH, weight loss (%) and colour analysis were performed. As a result of the study, it was determined that low density polyethylene (LDPE) film having 20 µm of thickness and 12276 cc/m2-day of oxygen permeability was determined as the most suitable packaging material for packaging of fresh-cut red cabbage. Mathematical microbiological shelf life was determined as 12.33 days and both analytical microbiological and sensorial shelf lives were determined as 12 days. It was shown that Gompertz equation can be used in determination of microbiological shelf life of fresh-cut red cabbage since the analytical and mathematical shelf life results fit to each other. Also, the equation that can be used in calculation of shelf life of fresh-cut red cabbage when packaged with AYPE film having 12276 cc/m2-day oxygen permeability was determined as log(Nt/N0) = 6,83 × exp{-exp{[(0,80*e)(6,83-t)/6,83]+1}}.

This study was evaluated the quality properties of traditional drink sherbets that are prepared from black mulberry and blueberry fruits. After production sherbets were investigated to determine their pH, acidity, °brix and colour values, total sugar, phenolic, anthocyanin and antioxidant contents. Moreover the sherbets stored at 4°C during 2 months and the changes in these quality properties were examined per month. As a result statistically significant changes were observed in the quality properties of these sherbets of black mulberry and blueberry fruits which are known with their rich content of phytochemical compounds. The results show that in blueberry sherbet the degradation of phenolics was faster than black mulberry sherbet. Anthocyanins that are higher in black mulberry sherbets after production were preserved better in blueberry sherbets at the end of 2nd month. L*and a* values decreased for blackberry and blueberry sherbets during storage. b* value decreased from 5.59 to 4.92 for blackberry sherbet while it increased from 0.62 to 0.79 for blueberry sherbet at the end of the storage time.

In this paper, we investigate the causal relationship in terms of labor productivity among GDP and its constituent three main sectors, e.g. agricultural, industrial and services sectors, in Turkey for the period of 1988-2015. In the study we employed Granger causality/block exogeneity Wald test, Impulse Response and Variance Decomposition analysis. The results showed that both agriculture and industry have positive effects on the labor productivity in services sector, and industry has a positive effect on the labor productivity in agriculture sector, while industrial labor productivity is not affected by the others. The main aim of the paper is examine the question of whether agriculture could serve as an engine of growth. Accordingly, the results indicated that labor productivity in agriculture sector increased during the course of study, and contributed to the labor productivity in services sector, as well. To our knowledge, although this method has been applied in various areas, sectoral causality has not been studied for Turkey before.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the phenolic profiles and anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and gastro-protective activities of Cnicus benedictus L., a type of milk thistle cultivated in Turkey. The total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity was measured to determine antioxidant capacity. The anti-urease and anti-xanthine oxidase activities were used to determine the gastro-protective and anti-inflammatory potential of the plant extracts, respectively. The TPC was 337.40 and 635.10 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 g and TFC was 41.05 -119.12 mg of quercetin equivalents (QE)/100 g in the root and leaf extracts, respectively. The root and leaf extracts of Cnicus benedictus L., were exhibited different inhibition values against both of the enzymes. The inhibition effect of the both enzymes were calculated as IC50 (mg/mL) in terms of 50% inhibition of the enzymes. The xanthine oxidase activity of the leaf and root was 18.53 and 19.75 mg/mL and the urease activity were 2.29 mg/mL and 11.53 mg/mL, respectively. Fifteen phenolic compounds were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-UV). Vanillic, silibinin B, ferulic acid and rutin were found major amount of the plant. In conclusion, the plant have high potential beneficial nutraceuticals and consumption of the together with its roots and leafs will be beneficial in terms of nutrition.

Bu çalışma ile; Konya ilinde arpa üretim, pazarlama ve işleme aşamalarında arpa pazarlamasına etki eden kriterlerin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada; Konya ilinde faaliyet gösteren; karma yem (37 adet) ve malt fabrikası (1 adet), arpa alım satımı yapan tüccarlar (50 adet) ve tarımsal faaliyetleri içinde arpa üretimine yer veren tarım işletmeleri (107 adet) ile yapılan anket sonuçları kullanılmıştır. Tarım işletmeleri tarafından arpa satımında fiyata etki ettiği düşünülen kriterlerin başında hektolitre ve arpanın içine başka bitki çeşidinin karışmaması öne çıkarken, arpa çeşitlerinin satış fiyatında önemli bir kriter olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Tüccarların arpa satın alırken göz önünde bulundurduğu en önemli kriter arpanın hektolitresi olup, bu kriteri arpanın rutubeti, rengi ve içindeki yabancı madde karışıklık oranı izlemektedir. Fabrikaların arpa satın alırken göz önünde bulundurdukları en önemli kriter arpanın rutubet oranı olarak belirlenirken, daha sonra arpanın hektolitresi ve içindeki yabancı madde karışıklık oranı gelmektedir. Malt sanayisi için ise; arpanın çeşidi alım kriterlerinde çok önemli bir faktör olup, bunu arpanın rutubet oranı ve rengi takip etmektedir.