Yapılan çalışmada, iç mekân tasarımının kurumsal kimlik ilkesiyle nitelikli hale getirilmesi hedeflenerek eğitim mekânlarında, duvar yüzeyi tasarımının yapılması, uygulanması ve böylece belirlenen örneklem alanlarının iç mekân tasarımıyla kurumsal kimliği kapsayıcı şekilde kullanıcıya kazandırılması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada materyal olarak Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü ve Selçuk Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi’nin girişinde bulunan duvar yüzeyleri kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın metodunda, literatür araştırması yapılarak iç mimarlık disiplini üzerinden kurumsal kimlik ve eğitim mekânlarına odaklanılmıştır. Sonrasında örneklem alanlarını sürekli kullanan personel ve öğrencilerin görüş ve önerileri alınarak gözlem ve analizlerde bulunulmuştur. Buna bağlı olarak ele alınan eğitim mekânlarının girişlerinde kurumsal kimliği logo ile temsil eden, odaklayıcı aydınlatmalarla pekiştirilmiş, gelen misafir ve öğrencilerin fotoğraf çekinebilecekleri duvar yüzeylerinin olması gerektiği gözlemlenmiştir. Edinilen verilere göre, materyal olarak ele alınan eğitim mekânlarının kurumsal kimliğine göre duvar yüzeyi tasarımı yapılmış ve uygulanmıştır. Tasarımın uygulanmasından sonra, yerinde gözlem ve analizlere dayanarak personel ve öğrencilerin kuruma karşı aidiyetlik duygusunun geliştiği, gelen misafirlerin ve mezunların günümüzde yaygın olarak gerçekleştirilen fotoğraf çekme eyleminde bulunarak kurumun tanınırlığını arttırdığı, tasarımı yapılan duvar yüzeyinin ait olduğu mekâna kazandırılarak aktif hale geldiği görülmektedir.

The squash fruit provides provitamin A in form of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene and lutein that can be degraded when dehydrated to stabilize dry matter. The objective of the research was to analyze the carotene retention in response to the osmo dehydration conditioning process (OD) with pure molasses and hot air drying (HA) without sun exposure vs. partial sun exposure (S). The best stable dry matter yield corresponded to HA with and without sodium eritorbate protection (SE) in 5% solution with 8.5 and 14 hours of permanence in the process and mass yield between 99.45% and 98.5% respectively, that corresponded to the following humid-solid loss models: Y = 454.66935e-0.2648339x (r=0.965) and Y = 463.07976e-0.16167667x (r=0.978) respectively. Total fresh fruit carotene oscillated between 1114.9 and 1365.8 mg gr-1, and 222.2, 60.2 and 157.5 mg gr-1 of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene and lutein respectively. The squash fruit conditioning process to a 12% stable dry matter moisture, requires hot air drying (55C for 9 hours with an air flow of 10 m.s-1) in absence of sun exposure, to retain up to 45% of total carotene and achieve enough raw material up to 66.8, 33.5 and 44.7 mg gr-1 of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene and lutein respectively. | El fruto de zapallo aporta provitamina A en forma de a-caroteno, b-caroteno y luteína que se pueden degradar al deshidratarlo para estabilizar la materia seca. El objetivo de la investigación fue analizar la retención de carotenos en respuesta al proceso de acondicionado por osmodeshidratación (DO) con melaza pura y secado con aire caliente (AC) sin exposición al sol Vs. secado a exposición parcial al sol (S). El mejor rendimiento de materia seca estable correspondió a AC con protección de eritorbato de sodio (ES) y sin él en solución al 5% con 8.5 y 14 horas de permanencia en el proceso y rendimiento másico entre 99.45% y 98.5% respectivamente, que correspondió a los siguientes modelos de pérdida de sólido húmedo:Y = 454.66935e -0.2648339x r=0.965) y Y = 463.07976e-0.16167667x (r=0.978) respectivamente. El caroteno total en fruto fresco osciló entre 1114.9 y 1365.8 mg. g-1, y 222.2, 60.2 y 158.5 de a-caroteno, b-caroteno y luteína respectivamente El proceso de acondicionado de fruto de zapallo hasta materia seca estable con 12% de humedad, requiere secado con aire caliente (55°C durante nueve horas con flujo de aire de 10 m.s-1) en ausencia de brillo solar, para retener hasta 45% de carotenos totales y lograr materia prima idónea hasta con 66.8, 33.5 y 44.7 mg. g-1 de a-caroteno, b-caroteno y luteína respectivamente.

Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is known as the causative agent of enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), which is a worldwide distributed disease and has also been detected in marketed beef and dairy products. BLV causes significant economic losses due to the loss of milk and yield or the slaughter of animals without adequate development. It has been reported in epidemiological studies that this infection is common in Türkiye, especially in the western provinces. There is no data on the possible presence or prevalence of BLV infection and its seroepidemiology in Muş province. The aim of this study is to determine the possible presence and prevalence of the infection, its role in yield losses, and to obtain epidemiological data on cattle farming in the Muş district. For this purpose, 300 blood serum samples were collected from cattle aged six months and older in the province of Muş and its different districts. The blood serum samples taken were tested for the presence of BLV-specific antibodies by agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (C-ELISA) methods. As a result of the study, all of the controlled districts were evaluated as negative in the AGID and C-ELISA tests for the presence of BLV-specific antibodies. In conclusion, for the first time, it was demonstrated that cattle farming in the Muş province were BLV-free during the sampling period. Although BLV seropositivity was not detected in the tested animals, it is emphasized that the control of infection and eradication program should not be ignored.

Los cortes se realizaron a los 28, 35 y 42 días en la hacienda Lucerna, norte del Valle del Cauca, Colombia (960 msnm, 24°C, 1100 mm anuales, 75% 80% de humedad relativa, 3.6 mm de evaporación promedia mínima diaria. El diseño experimental fue de parcelas divididas con cuatro repeticiones, con dos épocas secas y dos de lluvias. La altura en estrella asociada fue significativamente superior (P

A field experiment was conducted at the Agronomy farm of Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC), Khumaltar, Lalitpur to evaluate the effect of sowing dates and seed rates on yield and yield attributes of wheat. The experiment was laid in a split-plot design with three replications treated with 4 sowing dates as the main plot factor (12th Nov, 27th Nov, 12th Dec, and 27th Dec) and 4 seed rates as subplot factor (100 kg ha-1, 120 kg ha-1, 140 kg ha-1 and 160 kg ha-1). Results revealed that the leaf area index was significantly affected by sowing dates and was comparatively superior in 2nd sowing date (27th Nov) wheat. Similarly, in the case of seed rates, the leaf area index was influenced significantly and was recorded to be increasing with an increase in seed rates. Phenological parameters like days to 50% heading, flowering, and maturity were observed maximum (116, 123, and 179 days, respectively) in early sown wheat and reduced with the subsequent delay in sowing. Maximum values of yield and yield attributes like effective tillers per meter square (635.6), spike length (9.56 cm), grains per spike (41.49), grain yield (7.59 Mt ha-1), and straw yield (9.58 Mt ha-1) were observed in the wheat sown in 2nd date (on 27th Nov) which differed significantly to wheat sown on other dates. Seed rates had no significant influence on grain yield and yield attributes. Thousand-grain weight was found maximum (46.26 g) in early sown wheat (on 12th Nov sown wheat, reduced with the subsequent delay in sowing, and the harvest index was observed as maximum (0.51) under December 27 sown wheat. Though the yield and its attributes were not influenced significantly by seed rate, the maximum yield (6.18 Mt ha-1) was observed in wheat sown at the rate of 120 kg ha-1. Considering seed yield and its parameters, 2nd date of sowing wheat (27th Nov) and seed rate of 100 kg ha-1 could be the best option to uplift the productivity of wheat in rainfed lowland conditions of Lalitpur, Nepal.

Este estudio estima el tiempo de vaciado del estómago de la cachama blanca (Piaractus brachypomus) en el día de comienzo regular de alimentación posterior a un periodo de ayuno. Para el efecto, se recolectaron muestras de contenido estomacal en periodos de dos horas después del suministro de alimento (9:30 y 15:30 h) hasta el primer indicio de vaciado. Se utilizaron cachamas con un peso de 360 ± 12 g dispuestas en cuatro tratamientos: (1) T1 = alimentación a saciedad durante 5 días y ayuno de 2 días, (2) T2 = alimentación a saciedad durante 6 días y ayuno de 1 día, (3) T3 = alimentación a saciedad durante 7 días, y (4) TC = alimentación siguiendo las tablas recomendadas por el fabricante del alimento. El análisis de datos se realizó mediante ANOVA de medidas repetidas, empleando como factores el tratamiento y el tiempo de vaciado, siendo cada repetición la unidad experimental. Las cachamas del tratamiento T1 presentaron mayor cantidad de alimento en el estómago en los muestreos posteriores al suministro de la primera y segunda ración. A diferencia del tratamiento T1, en los demás las cachamas vaciaron su contenido en el estómago en el periodo comprendido entre la primera y la segunda ración de alimentación y en el periodo posterior a la segunda ración. Por tanto, cuando el contenido estomacal fue mayor, debido a un mayor consumo de alimento en la ración, como en el caso del tratamiento (T1), el tiempo necesario para vaciar el estómago de las cachamas se incrementó. | The study measured the time necessary to complete emptying of the stomach of white Cachama (Piaractus brachypomus) starting on the day regular feeding subsequent to a starvation period. Samples were collected from stomach contents in periods of 2 hours after feeding (9:30 y 15:30 h) until the first sign of emptying. The cachama weighing was 360 ± 12 g; designing four treatments: (1) T1 = feed to satiation for 5 days and starvation for two days, (2) T2 = feed to satiation for 6 days and starvation for one day, (3) T3 = feed to satiation for 7 days, and (4) TC = restricted feeding table recommended by the manufacturer, 7 days a week. Data analysis was performed using repeated measures ANOVA, using as factors the treatment and emptying time, with each repetition as the experimental unit. Unlike the T5 treatment, in other cachama emptied its contents into the stomach from the time period between the first and the second ration of food and in the period after the second ration. Therefore, when the stomach content was higher due to a higher feed intake in the diet, as in the case of treatment (T5), the time required to empty the stomach of cachama increased.

Researchers treated seed technology and crop yield as exogenous, thereby generating bias estimates. In practice, seed technology increases yield and it’s stimulated by social capital and other factors. This paper develops a choice model of maize-seed exogenously, then tested and corrected for causality. A multistage sampling procedure was adopted using seven Agricultural Development Programme zones drawn from purposively selected Oyo and Osun states. A block each was randomly selected per zone. Twenty-one cells were randomly selected, then data were collected from 385 respondents using a structured questionnaire: Data were analyzed using Ordinary Least Square and Two-Stage Least Square α 0.05. Durbin score chi2(1) = 6.65 (p= 0.009) and Wu-Haussmann F (1,37) = 6.431 (p = 0.012), showed reverse causality that was resolved by the Two-Stage Least Square model. The Two-Stage Least Square result indicated that education (β=-0.53), seed quantity (β=-0.13), seed price (β=-0.08), negatively affected the choice of seed and yield while farm size (β=2.05), fertilizer (β=0.004), herbicide (β=0.22), output-price (β=0.02), meeting attendance index(β=0.02), and improved seed ((β=2.66), had a positive influence. Social capital spurs the use of improved seed, thereby increase maize yield. Consequently, active participation in social groups and the use of improved seed is recommended to increase yield.

The purpose of this study was to compile all the available information on tropical fruit pests in order to provide the Colombian farmers of basic knowledge with respect to limiting pests in fruit culture. General facts concerning insect biology, host plants, critical damage seasons, type of damage, management and other useful details are given, such as the visual identification of the pests and this damage. | El trabajo se realizó con el fin de compilar la información disponible sobre plagas en frutales tropicales, para tratar de llevar al público del sector agrícola colombiano un conocimiento básico sobre algunas plagas limitantes de los cultivos frutales. Se mencionaron generalidades sobre biología, plantas hospedantes, época crítica de daño, tipo de daño, manejo y otros detalles útiles como la identificación visual de la plaga y su respectivo daño

Cucurbitaceae family fruits, especially melons, offers significant quantities of minerals carotenoids and phenolic compounds, contributing to their antioxidant activity. However, seeds of these fruits are usually discarded as waste by products. In current study, seeds of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and muskmelon (Cucumis melo) were separated, dried, grounded and extracted, with 70% ethanol, to investigate total phenolic content (TPC), flavonoid content (TFC), carotenoid content (TC) content, and total antioxidant activity (TAA). Further, antimicrobial activities of these extracts were tested against selected bacterial and fungus strains. Results showed that extracts of both cucurbits presented significant amounts of phytochemicals, with higher quantities presented by watermelon seeds. In watermelon seeds, TPC were found 156.50 mg/GAE 100 g, TFC 56.78 mg CE/100 g, TC 36.65 mg/100 g, and TAA 71%, and these amounts were significantly higher than those found in muskmelon seeds. Antimicrobial study results showed that extracts of both seeds exhibited significant zone of inhibitions against three bacterial and three fungal species, and these values were very comparable to the reference antimicrobial drug used, Ciprofloxacin. Findings of current research work provided significant grounds for presence of phytochemical bioactives in two melon fruits seeds, providing the basis for extraction and utilization of these bioactives, through processing and fortification different pharma foods.

En el noroccidente de Popayán, Colombia, se evaluó la presencia de plagas causadas por patógenos en 42 clones de lulo (Solanum quitoense Lam.). Los clones fueron plantados en bolsas plásticas, donde se desarrollaron por 3 semanas antes de ser trasplantados al campo. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones, la parcela útil estuvo conformada por 6 plantas, las cuales se sembraron a tresbolillo a 2.5 m entre surcos y 2 m entre plantas. Para determinar el efecto de las plagas en el cultivo, se calculó el porcentaje de incidencia y severidad del ataque. La incidencia se evaluó como porcentaje de plantas afectadas, y la severidad como porcentaje de tejido afectado por el patógeno. Las enfermedades más limitantes para los 42 clones fueron: gota (Phytophthora infestans) que provocó una mortalidad de plantas superior a 40%; fusarium (Fusarium oxysporum) que se presentó en 12 de los clones evaluados; antracnosis (Colletotrichum sp.) que afectó 21 clones, los cuales se clasificaron entre tolerantes y medianamente tolerantes; y mancha clorótica (Cladosporium sp.) que afectó 21 clones, clasificados como susceptibles. Los clones PL19, PL24, PL11, PL35 fueron medianamente tolerantes. Se seleccionaron por supervivencia los clones: JY E1 (52.2%), PH E 1 (45.8%), VM E2 (45.8%); por supervivencia y por tolerancia a Fusarium oxysporum los clones PL35, PL11, PL24, PL8, PL19, 120052, 120043, ORE1, AGE1. Los clones SER 7, SER 15, SER 9, SEC 31, SEC 27 presentaron alta mortalidad pero se seleccionaron por ser medianamente tolerantes a gota, tolerantes a antracnosis y medianamente resistentes a nematodos, con buen vigor y producción. | Presence of plant disease caused by pathogens on 42 clones of Solanum quitoense Lam. were evaluated in the north-western region of Popayán, Colombia. The seed of the clons were planted in plastic bags during three weeks and afterwards transplanted to the field. The statistical design consisted of a complete randomized block design with 4 repetitions, the working sampling plot consisted on 6 plants arranged in triangles at distances of 2 m within rows, the inter row distance was 2,5 m. The incidence and severity percentages of damage were evaluated to determine the disease effects. The first incidence was evaluated as the affected plants percentage and severity, as percentage of plant tissue affected by the pathogen. The most limiting diseases for the 42 clones were Phytophthora infestans, which produced mortality more than 40%; Fusarium oxysporum affected 12 of the evaluated clons; Colletotrichum sp. affecting 21 clones which were classified as tolerant and fairly tolerant; and Cladosporium sp., affecting 21 clones and were classified as susceptible, while the clons PL19, PL24, PL11, PL35 were considered fairly tolerant. The clones JY E1 (52.2%), PH E 1 (45.8%), VM E2 (45.8%) were selected by survival; by tolerance to Fusarium oxysporum the clones PL35, PL11, PL24, PL8, PL19, 120052, 120043, ORE1, AGE1; and the clones SER 7, SER 15, SER 9, SEC 31, and SEC 27, were selected due to their fair tolerance to Phytophthora infestans, and Colletotrichum sp and their fair resistance against nematodes, proving to be vigorous and productive.

O estudo dos componentes do balanço de água no solo é essencial para se compreender sua dinâmica, fornecendo subsídios para o manejo agrícola e otimização do uso de água. O presente trabalho objetivou determinar os componentes do balanço de água em solo cultivado com mamona sob condições de sequeiro. Para tal foram instalados, numa área de 4 ha da Fazenda Experimental Chã do Jardim, do Centro de Ciências Agrárias da UFPB, Areia, PB (6o 58' S, 35o 41' W e 620 m) três sítios tensio-neutrônicos cada um contendo um tubo de acesso para a sonda de nêutrons até a profundidade de 1,60 m e oito tensiômetros nas profundidades de 0,10; 0,20; 0,30; 0,40; 0,60; 0,80; 1,20 e 1,60 m, além de um pluviógrafo para medir a precipitação. Com vista à determinação da condutividade hidráulica saturada do solo, foram realizados ensaios de infiltração na superfície e nas profundidades de 0,20; 0,40; 0,60 e 0,80 m. A evapotranspiração da mamona seguiu as variações da precipitação e teve valor médio de 2,43 mm d-1, perfazendo o total de 342,52 mm. As variações do armazenamento de água no solo seguiram as variações da precipitação pluvial e o fluxo de água na base do solo (ascensão capilar ou drenagem) tiveram valores muito pequenos.<br>The study of water balance components is essential to understand the dynamics of soil water, providing subsidies to agricultural management and optimization of water use. The objective of this study was to determine the water balance components in a soil cultivated with castor bean under rainfed conditions. An experiment was installed in a 4 ha area in the Centro de Ciências Agrárias, UFPB, in the municipality of Areia, Paraiba state (6o 58' S, 35o 41' W e 620 m), a rain gauge and three plots contained an access tube for neutron probe measurements, up to the depth of 1.60 m, and a set of eight tensiometers at depths of 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, 0.40, 0.60, 0.80, 1.20 and 1.60 m. Infiltration tests were performed on soil surface and 0.20, 0.40, 0.60 and 0.80 m depth for the determination of the saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil. It was verified that the evapotranspiration of castor bean followed the variations of rainfall with the mean and total values of 2.43 mm d-1 and 342.5 mm, respectively. The variation of soil moisture storage change followed the variations in rainfall and the flux of water crossing the last soil layer (capillarity rise or drainage) had very small values.

This research was carried out to determine the pollination abilities of Domat, Gemlik and Sarı Ulak olive cultivars. Pollen viability rate, germination rate and amount of pollen production were examined during the periods when 25%, 50% and 75% of the flowers were opened.  According to the results obtained from three years’ experimental study, the highest percentages of pollen viability were found in Gemlik (81.51%) and Domat (81.50%), whereas Sarı Ulak cultivar (77.41%) showed the lowest viability. In pollen germination percentages, the highest values on the basis of cultivars were determined 59.85% (Domat), 59.74% (Gemlik) and 52.12% (Sarı Ulak). The highest amount of pollen production in a flower was found in the Sarı Ulak cultivar (329,046) while it was followed by Domat (319,693) and Gemlik (306,385). Despite the high pollen production in Sarı Ulak cultivar, the pollen viability and germination rates were found to be low. In Gemlik and Domat cultivars, all values were obtained relatively near. In addition, it had been noted that the values related to pollen viability, germination and production amount were higher during 50% and 75% flowering periods than 25%.

In this work, two methods based on microwave-assisted extraction techniques for the extraction of both anthocyanins and total phenolic compounds from açai have been developed. For that, a full factorial design (Box-Behnken design) has been used to optimize the following four variables: solvent composition (25–75% methanol in water), temperature (50–100 °C), pH (2–7), and sample/solvent ratio (0.5 g: 10 mL–0.5 g: 20 mL). The anthocyanins and total phenolic compounds content have been determined by ultra high-pressure liquid chromatography and Folin-Ciocalteu method, respectively. The optimum conditions for the extraction of anthocyanins were 38% MeOH in water, 99.63 °C, pH 3.00, at 0.5 g: 10 mL of ratio, while for the extraction of total phenolic compounds they were 74.16% MeOH in water, 99.14 °C, pH 5.46, at 0.5 g: 20 mL of ratio. Both methods have shown a high repeatability and intermediate precision with a relative standard deviation lower than 5%. Furthermore, an extraction kinetics study was carried out using extraction periods ranging from 2 min until 25 min. The optimized methods have been applied to açai-containing real samples. The results with such real samples have confirmed that both methods are suitable for a rapid and reliable extraction of anthocyanins and total phenolic compounds.

In this work, two methods based on microwave-assisted extraction techniques for the extraction of both anthocyanins and total phenolic compounds from acai have been developed. For that, a full factorial design (Box-Behnken design) has been used to optimize the following four variables: solvent composition (25-75% methanol in water), temperature (50-100 degrees C), pH (2-7), and sample/solvent ratio (0.5 g: 10 mL-0.5 g: 20 mL). The anthocyanins and total phenolic compounds content have been determined by ultra high-pressure liquid chromatography and Folin-Ciocalteu method, respectively. The optimum conditions for the extraction of anthocyanins were 38% MeOH in water, 99.63 degrees C, pH 3.00, at 0.5 g: 10 mL of ratio, while for the extraction of total phenolic compounds they were 74.16% MeOH in water, 99.14 degrees C, pH 5.46, at 0.5 g: 20 mL of ratio. Both methods have shown a high repeatability and intermediate precision with a relative standard deviation lower than 5%. Furthermore, an extraction kinetics study was carried out using extraction periods ranging from 2 min until 25 min. The optimized methods have been applied to acai-containing real samples. The results with such real samples have confirmed that both methods are suitable for a rapid and reliable extraction of anthocyanins and total phenolic compounds.