During the growing seasons between 2009 and 2010, totally 213 shoot and leaf samples were collected from the vineyards in Manisa, Denizli, Nevşehir, Elazığ, İzmir, Ankara, Çanakkale, Tekirdağ, Edirne and Kırklareli, which are commercially important viticulture production areas of Turkey. All grapevine samples were serologically investigated for the presence of Grapevine leafroll-associated viruses (GLRaVs) using GLRaV-1, GLRaV-2, GLRaV-3, GLRaV 4-9, GLRaV-6 and GLRaV-7 DAS-ELISA kits. In 143 of total, (67.14%) single or multiple infections were detected. GLRaV4-9, -7, -3, -1, -2 and -6 were detected as 53.52%, 36.15%, 34.74%, 32. 86%, 32.39% and 3.28%, respectively in the surveyed area. Eastern Anatolia Region had the highest infection rate (100%), followed by Marmara, Aegean, and Central Anatolia Region (69.74%, 75%, 62% and 26.47%, respectively). While the highest infection rates were obtained in Marmara Region for GLRaV-1, -2 and -3 as 43.42%, 44.74% and 50% respectively, GLRaV4-9 found as 100% in Eastern Anatolia Region. The highest infection rate was detected in Marmara Region for GLRaV-6 as 3.95%. The most common multiple infection was determined as GLRaV-1, -2, -3, 4-9 and -7 with the rate of 36.17%.

Intensive pesticide use in vineyard resulted in residue problem on vine leaves that are used as food. This study was aimed at development of a proper chemical control program to reduce the pesticide residue problem on vine (cv. Narince) leaves in vineyards during the growing period. The residues of some fungicides were determined according to spraying time in the fresh (unprocessed) and preserved (brined) leaves. Additionally, the effects of preservation process on degradation of the fungucides residues were investigated. In this study three fungicides (Azoxystrobin, Triadimenol, Hexaconazole) were applied alternately for both powdery mildew and “Colomerus vitis” management, and two fungucides (Copper oxychloride, Metalaxyl + Mancozeb) for downy mildew control. Additionaly vine leaves were harvested at two different times: (i) before the half-life of the pesticides were reached and (ii) after the half-life of the pesticides have elapsed. Two different methods were applied to preserve the vine leaves. In first treatment, leaf samples were boiled in hot (98±2°C) tap water, then leaves were placed into jars, then filled with brine containing 8.0% salt + 0.25% lactic acid. In second treatment, vine leaves were placed into jars, then filled with tap water and brine containing 8.0% salt+0.25% lactic acid. The residue levels of the fungicides were determined on leaves. Detectable copper and the other fungucide residues are compared according to Turkish Food Codex. Preserving applications were decreased fungicide and copper residue levels and hot water brining was decreased the levels of fungicide residues between 75.2% and 99.2%, according to the applications. As a result, systemic fungicides should not be used in vineyards in where pickled vine leaves are produced. It is proposed that better to use contact fungicides instead of systemic one and also viticulturists should be careful using the effective contact fungicides.

This study was conducted to assess the structural and environmental conditions and potential problems of under-cover production systems of Çarşamba town, which constitute about 87,81% of under-cover production potential of Samsun Province through comprehensive literature search and to develop possible solutions towards these problems. Selected facilities were analyzed for their structural characteristics, production techniques, technology use, environmental conditions through surveys, drawings, observations and photographs. Present findings revealed that all of the family type under-cover production systems are composed of individual (single) constructions. Facility owners had quite low level of education and under-cover production systems constituted a significant place in their economic statuses. Under-cover production systems were mostly lack of technology because of financial burdens and unplanned production activities. Ventilation, heating and cooling systems, playing a significant role in control of environmental conditions, were mostly insufficient and relevant design criteria were not mostly taken into consideration. With this study, potential problems were identified, structural and environmental requirements of under-cover production systems were determined, and recommendations were provided to producers accordingly.

Çalışma genç çiftçi desteklemeleri hibe programına başvuru yapan üreticilerin sosyo-ekonomik özelliklerinin incelenerek, kırsal alandan göç eğilimlerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yürütülmüştür. TR-83 bölgesinde (Tokat, Amasya, Çorum, Samsun) 2016 yılında Gıda, Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığı “Genç Çiftçi Projesi” Destek Programına başvurmuş olan üreticiler ana popülasyonu oluşturmuştur. Örnek hacminin belirlenmesinde Neyman yönteminden yararlanılmıştır. Çalışmada desteklemeden yararlanan 120 üretici ve yararlanamayan 140 üretici olmak üzere toplam 260 üretici ile görüşülmüştür. Veriler destelemeden yararlanma durumuna göre karşılaştırmalı olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Üreticilerin göç etme eğilimleri incelendiğinde, kent ortamında yaşamaya uygun imkân olsa göç ederim diyen üretici oranı yaklaşık %17’dir. Göç etmek isteyen üreticilerin yanı sıra kararsız olan üreticiler de (%4) bulunmaktadır. Üreticiler arasında yaklaşık %21 göç potansiyeli bulunmaktadır. Göç etme eğilimi olan üreticiler yaş grubu düşük olan gruplarda görülmektedir. Kırsaldaki genç nüfusun kırsaldan göç etme eğilimlerini etkileyen faktörleri belirlemek amacıyla yapılan Lojistik Regresyon sonucunda; eğitim seviyesi yüksek, tarım dışı alanlardan gelir sahibi, köy yaşantısının zorlukları olduğunu düşünen, köyde yaşam standardını düşük bulan ve burada kazandığıyla geçinemeyenlerin, diğerlerine göre göç etme eğiliminin daha fazla olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Dried products are widely used from the past because of their long shelf life, rich nutrient content and availability. Solar or shade drying methods have become the most widely used drying technique from past to date, due to no equipment requirement, cost and simplicity. However, this drying method has some disadvantages such as long drying time, contamination risk and requirement of large area and heavy labor. In this review, various drying methods applied in food are summarized. Then, solar energy assisted drying methods were examined in detail. Finally, solar energy-assisted drying methods involving energy storage are examined. Solar energy assisted drying is a very advantageous technique for economical production. The most important advantages of this technique are that the system can be designed in many different ways in order to provide the desired characteristics. In addition, the availability of various energy storage units contributes to the availability of the system.

Seafood are important in human nutrition due to being healthy and valuable proteins resources. Despite serious problems in balanced nutrition found in Turkey, seafood are not consumed sufficiently. In our country, it is necessary to review this situation regarding the consumption of fisheries and to produce solutions by considering the reasons. In this study, the consumption preference of seafood was analyzed in İzmir province, where the fishing and aquaculture production and consumption are made as common. The study was carried out as a questionnaire application to 700 individuals randomly selected in different districts in July 2012. It was determined that 33.8% of the respondents consumes white meat, 19.6% consumes red meat and 8.8% consumes fish. The most consumed fishes by the participants were observed as 40.4% sea bream, 34.2% sea bass, 32.4% horse mackerel, 31.8% anchovy, and 30.4% sardines, respectively. It was determined that 90.4% of the participants consume the fish freshly. As consumption style, frying (51.6%) and grilling (33%) was determined as major preferences. In the study, it was determined that the participants consume an average of 15 kg of fish per year.

There are a good many researches carried out to be able to find out the species of phytoplanktonic organisms which are widely met in the inland waters of Turkey and make up the first link of food chain in nature. In addition to this, there are lots of water sources the phytoplanktonic composition (one of the most effective methods of identifying drinking water in Turkey in which inland waters cover a huge area) and biodiversity of which have not been found out and listed. Ergene River is among the richest water basins in Turkey in terms of freshwater and there is not a comprehensive research carried out to determine the algae composition in this area. For that reason, Bacillariophyta members which are met in main streams supporting Ergene River, have been gathered seasonally; and systematic positions of these algae have been identified and photographed. As a consequence of this study; 114 different taxa species belonging to Coscinodiscophyceae (4) and Bacillariophyceae (110) taxa have been observed and found out in Ergene River and other watercourses along with water basins supporting this river. After these taxa have been gathered, how these are spread with regard to seasonal and sample points have been determined. All of these taxa, which have been identified with respect to freshwater algal flora of Turkey, have been recorded for the first time for that region while 22 of these taxa have been recorded for the first time for Turkey.

The aim of this study is to make economic analysis of the production period of 2017-2018 and the results of the annual activity. The data of the research was created as primary and original questionnaires through face-to-face interviews. The sample volume was determined by stratified sampling method. The enterprises are classified according to land size as 1-50, 51-100, 101- +. The questionnaire numbers were distributed proportionally to the producer. The average land size of the enterprises is 125,32 decare in the city. Gross production value (GSÜD) was found to be 191.766.73 TL, gross product (GSH) was 197.041.98 TL, gross profit was 756.73 TL/ha, pure product was 412.23 TL/ha and annual value was 367.77 TL/ha. When the production examined was examined, it was concluded that the history of the analysis in the third groups was told. In addition, economic profitability, financial profitability and financial profitability were reported as 2.57%, 3.27% and 26.22%, respectively.

The aim of this study was to determine the macroscopic and microscopic spermatological parameters of the Karayaka rams grown in public hands. Out off-season sperm couldn’t be taken from the rams. During the season, semen was collected from all 2-4 age of Karayaka rams (n = 10). Weight (kg) and circumference of the scrotum (cm) were also recorded. When the collected spermatozoa were examined, it was found that the weight variable correlated only with the pH variable. The correlation coefficient calculated between weight and pH was -0,802 and it was found to be statistically significant. The correlation coefficient, which calculated as 0.680, between the circumference of the scrotum (cm) and mortality (% Dead-Live) shows that one feature increases while the other increases significantly. Viscosity (1-5) was correlated only with mass activity (Mass Activity 0-4), and the degree of this relationship was calculated as -0.655. Variables were not associated with sperm volume (ml), motility (%) and density (109).