Recently, most genomic research has focused on genome editing methods to develop new technologies that could be easy, reliable, and feasible to edit plant genomes for highly productive agriculture. Genome editing is based on alternating a specific target DNA sequence by adding, replacing, and removing DNA bases. This newest technology called CRISPR/Cas9 seems to be less time-consuming, more effective and used in many research areas of plant genetic research. CRISPR/Cas9 systems have many advantages in comparison with ZFNs and TALENs and has been extensively used for genome editing to many crop plant species. Around 20 crop species are successfully worked out for trait improvements, for example, yield improvement, disease resistance, herbicide tolerance, and biotic and abiotic stress management. This review paper will overview recent advances in CRISPR/Cas genome editing research in detail. The main focus will be on the use of CRISPR/Cas9 technology in plant genome research.

Farklı oranda vermikompost uygulamalarının San Andreas çilek çeşidinin verim ve kalitesine etkilerinin araştırıldığı bu çalışmada. bitki başına 15, 30, 45, 60 g vermikompost uygulanmıştır. İlk çiçeklenme, ilk ve son derim tarihleri, bitki başına meyve sayısı, bitki başına verim (g/bitki), meyve ağırlığı (g), meyve tadı, makro ve mikro besin element içerikleri. organik asit miktarları incelenmiştir. Sonuçlar, bitki başına verimde uygulamalar arasındaki farklılıkların istatistiksel olarak önemli olduğunu göstermiştir. Bitki başına en yüksek toplam verim sırasıyla 972,8 g ve 878,9 g ile V45 ve V30 uygulamalarından. en düşük verim ise bitki başına 384,2 g ile kontrol uygulamasından elde edilmiştir. En iri meyveler V60 (19,5 g) uygulamasından elde edilmiştir. Vermikompost ile gübrelenen çilek bitkilerinin yapraklarında azot, fosfor, potasyum, magnezyum, kükürt, mangan, demir, çinko ve bor konsantrasyonlarının kontrole göre daha yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Organik asit değerlerinde en yüksek değerler okzalik, propionic, malonic, laktik, fumarik ve süksinik asitde V60 uygulamasında (sırası ile 5,62, 11,16, 49,00, 104,98 µg/100 g) belirlenmiştir. Çilek yetiştiriciliğinde vermikompost gübresi uygulamanın verim ve kalite özellikleri üzerine olumlu etkisi olduğu görünmektedir.

Since coliform bacteria are common both in the intestine and in nature (soil, plant, etc.), they are considered as a sanitation indicator in the food industry. It is known that the majority of bacteria defined as fecal coliform in the coliform group are Escherichia coli. The presence of E. coli or fecal coliform bacteria in any sample is an indication that the necessary hygienic measures are not taken during production, storage, and sale. That means the sample is directly or indirectly contaminated with faeces, and/or other intestinal pathogens may also exist. In this study, raw milk, freshly squeezed fruit juices, unpackaged ice cream, shaved ice, and ice-cold samples were purchased from the famous touristic destination Fethiye and analyzed for coliform bacteria. For this purpose, the samples were purchased from local marketplaces, buffets, cafes, patisseries, restaurants, and roadsides at Fethiye. In total 60 samples were analyzed using Violet Red Bile (VRB) Agar. The results of coliform bacteria ranged

Covid-19, which affects the whole world and is accepted as a pandemic by the world health organization, caused millions of people to die. The elderly are in the group with the highest risk of losing their lives due to the Covid-19 virus. Stricter restrictive / protective measures have been taken for the elderly in Turkey, as in the whole world. With this research, it is aimed to evaluate the sociological and psychological effects of the "elderly", who are one of the health risk groups of the society, in terms of landscape architecture, during the pandemic days when they had to experience various problems after the outbreak. In the study, face-to-face and online questionnaires were applied to individuals aged 50 and over on a voluntary basis. As a result of the study, it was determined that the implementation of curfews and restrictions for the elderly and the formation of an isolated lifestyle from other age groups caused an increase in loneliness and anxiety levels and negative psychological effects. It has been revealed that the activities that individuals will carry out in the green area, their conversations and socializing with their peers, and walks in the open area have a positive psychological and sociological effect for the elderly. It has been determined that the elderly who become lonely and depressed at home with the restrictions imposed under pandemic conditions want to be in green areas. The sociological and psychological positive effects of being in green areas and spending time, and the changes in the behaviour and emotions of the elderly who have pandemic restrictions paralleled the response of the participants to the questionnaire.

Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. is a fungal pathogen causes charcoal rot disease (Sin: Rhizoctonia bataticola) and is responsible for significant yield losses in many plants. In our study, we aimed to evaluate the antagonistic ability of 39 different bacteria, isolated from the fields of sugar beet in 2019, against the pathogen Macrophomina phaseolina isolated from sugar beet, beans and chickpeas. Approximately 31% of the bacteria showed antibiosis effect against the pathogen. It was determined that the effectiveness level of Lelliottia amnigena, Bacillus atrophaeus, B.pumilus and B. cereus (7 isolates) was moderate to high against Macrophomina phaseolina. Bacillus atrophaeus (PTo15-1a) showed the highest efficacy of 80%, 72.94% and 82.35% against Macrophomina phaseolina of chickpea, bean and sugar beet respectively. Lelliottia amnigena (Pto 14-1b) was moderately effective (57.78%) against the chickpea isolate of the pathogen. It was observed that of the seven Bacillus cereus isolates used in the experiment, three isolates (Pto14-1a, Pto12-1b, Pto17-1b) were highly effective against the chickpea pathogen, two (Pto12-1b, Pto14-2b) against bean pathogen, and one (Pto15-1b) against sugar beet isolate. Results have shown varied level of antagonism by different test bacterial against different Macrophomina phaseolina isolates, while the highest level of antibiosis shown by Bacillus atrophaeus against all pathogenic isolates indicated that it can be a potential future bioagent in managing the disease.

Microbial contamination in food and medicine is a situation that closely concerns human health. The fact that the microorganism causing the contamination have antibiotic resistance makes it difficult to eliminate the contamination. Deficiencies such as incorrect use of antibiotics or lack of new antibiotics have caused microorganisms to acquire multiple antibiotic resistance. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is one of the microorganisms with high antibiotic resistance. The antibiotic resistance mechanisms and biofilm production ability of MRSA has made it more resistant to the environment. In this study, disc diffusion method was used to determine the antimicrobial activities of Heracleum platytaenium and Lavandula spp. essential oils against MRSA, and the results were compared with commercial antibiotics. In addition, the effect of H. platytaenium and Lavandula spp. essential oils on the biofilm produced by MRSA was also investigated. In this study, it was determined that H. platytaenium and Lavandula spp. essential oils have antimicrobial activity against MRSA. It was found that H. platytaenium and Lavandula spp. essential oils have antibiofilm activity against MRSA. H. platytaenium and Lavandula spp essential oils can be alternative natural sources compared to commercial antibiotics in controlling infections from MRSA.

Social development is possible with agriculture. With the impact of environmental pollution, natural disasters, climate change, food security, and population growth, interdisciplinary "new agriculture" is becoming an important trend of modern agriculture. Hydrogen (H2) is the most common element on earth, making up more than 75% of the mass of the universe. Hydrogen gas is colorless, odorless, and tasteless and is considered a physiologically inert molecule and a potential source for clean energy in the future. Hydrogenated agriculture including mainly hydrogen-rich water (HRW) focuses on the molecular mechanisms underlying improved agricultural product quality. Studies have shown that H2 does not only affect plant growth and development but also affects the nutritional quality and shelf life of the fruit. Hydrogenated agriculture emerges as a promising technology for the sustainability of agricultural products in modern agricultural practices thanks to the different beneficial effects of H2 such as safety, nutritional and antioxidative properties, and high product productivity. In this review, the roles of H2 in plants, seed germination, seedling growth, root development, stomatal opening and closing, pre-harvest freshness, post-harvest freshness, and the changes caused by hydrogenated agriculture at various stages of the plant such as anthocyanin synthesis have been investigated.

Medicinal and aromatic plants are divided into two groups, collected from nature and grown.Medicinal and aromatic plants collected from nature grow spontaneously in natural places such as forests. Two of these plants found in the Mediterranean region are Laurus nobilis L. and Myrtus communis L. This study was conducted to determine the ratios and components of essential oils obtained from laurel trees and myrtle plants. The leaves obtained from these plants, which grow intensively in the flora of Osmaniye Province of Turkey, were obtained by using the water vapor distillation method in large distillation boilers (retort) in industrial applications and their essential oils were obtained. The essential oil ratios obtained by retort methods were observed dec 0.9-1.4% in laurel plant and 0.4-0.8% in myrtle plant. The components of essential oil were examined, the Laurel main components α-pinene (5.75%), sabine (the to 8.9%), eucalyptol (44.42%) and α-acetate terpinyl (17.37%) is designated as the main components of the plant and Mersin, α-pinene (50.79%), limonene (4.08%), eucalyptol (31.66%), α-terpineol (5.57%), α-terpinyl acetate (2.37%) has been identified as.

Fire blight, affecting more than one hundred and thirty species in the Rosaceae, is probably the most destructive disease affecting pear and apple cultivars in many countries. Currently, there are no effective synthetic compounds with systemic properties. Other major problem is the occurrence and spread of strains of Erwinia amylovora with resistance to streptomycin and copper. Taken into consideration the human and environmental health, the use of biocontrol agents either as an alternative or as a supplement within an integrated fire blight management strategy has attracted worldwide attention. In this study, E. amylovora solution of 107 CFU ml-1 was treated with bio-control agents, Bacillus subtilis str. QST 713, B. amyloliquefaciens str. MBI 600 and their mixture (at solution densities of 106, 107 and 108 CFU ml-1 for each one) on Petri dishes, containing King’s B medium and, compared with positive (streptomycin sulphate) and negative (sterile distilled water) controls. In vivo studies were performed on two-year-old apple cv. Gala seedlings grown in 45-cm-diameter pots containing a sterilized mix of soil–sand–peat under controlled greenhouse conditions (85% relative humidity, 25°C temperature and 16h of day light). The plants were irrigated as needed by drip-irrigation and each pot received a mineral solution (NPK: 20–20–20) at 2 g l-1 twice. When plant shoots reached a length of 30-35 cm, bio-control agents, individually and their mixture, were applied to the plants by a hand-sprayer. Obtaining the data, 108 CFU ml-1 of Bacillus spp. suspension mixture showed strongest in vitro antibacterial effect (26mm) among the tested treatments after positive control streptomycin (28.6mm). Parallel to in vitro findings, the mixture was most effective against the pathogen on cv. Gala (66.03%). Findings show that the use of mixture of beneficial microorganisms with individual antagonistic properties against the pathogen can be an effective strategy as a natural alternative to agrochemicals in the scope of good agriculture practices.

The sculpture, which is the expression of beliefs and fears in prehistoric times, has taken on different roles as an urban reinforcement element in all cultures with numerous themes. In the Middle Ages, it became an organic part of the architectural structure, teaching the truth about religious beliefs. With the Renaissance movement, it became independent by breaking away from the architectural structure and moved to the urban space. In the twenty-first century, its dimensions have grown to be equivalent to architecture, it has created its own space and established new aesthetic and functional relations with the audience. In this study, the relationship of some sculptures on the Alaeddin Keykubat campus of Selcuk University with the landscape elements was examined in terms of design elements and basic design principles. In the light of the data obtained, suggestions have been developed in order to increase the life and aesthetic quality of the campus.