The existence of a large amount of seeds in citrus fruits results as a major impediment to customer acceptability, even if the fruits have high organoleptic properties. Irradiation, which mainly reduces seed number of varieties, is a faster way than hybridization. The use of irradiation in citrus breeding programs is now quite widespread with most programs in the major citrus producing countries actively developing new selections. The present study reports the primarily results of gamma irradiation on seed number and fruit quality of Ortanique tangor mutant population. The shoots of scion were irradiated with gamma rays from 60Co at the dose of 50 Gy (gray) in April of 2014. All the treated buds were then immediately budded onto rootstocks and the survival rate was recorded as 60.34%. In order to stabilize the mutation, mV3 plants were developed by re-budding and plants at mV3 generation were transplanted in the orchard in 2017. Within the following year, 68 mV3 plants out of 852 grown in the field bore sufficient amount of fruit and were screened in terms of 19 fruit quality characters such as seed number per fruit, fruit diameter and ripening index. Fruit diameters of mV3 population varied from 56.72 mm to 84.79 mm, and fruit weight ranged between 90.00 g and 287.60 g. The number of seeds per fruit ranged between 0.6 and 13.1 whereas seed number of non-irradiated Ortanique tangor was recorded as 10.7 in the same fruit crop year. In general, fruit characteristics such as fruit weight, fruit height and fruit diameter which describe fruit size of a big part of the population, were similar to Ortanique tangor. According to primarily results, 18 plants have been described as low seeded (≤4). In addition, a cluster analysis was performed by using Euclidean similarity coefficient and similarity index ranged between 29.29% and 93.10% regarding variables related to fruit. The stability of mutations detected is being evaluated and new commercial field trials will be established with the selected materials.

Essential oil composition, antimicrobial activity and flavonoid contents of leaf-fruits of Cedrus libani and Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana were determined with GC-MS, disc diffusion method and HPLC in three different period. When the essential oil composition of leaf and fruits of P. nigra ssp pallasiana collected in April, July and September, major components were α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene, β-caryophyllene ve germacrene-D. On the other hand, additionally to these contents, myrcene and α–terpineol were also detected in C. libani. According to HPLC analysis, rutin, quercetin, kaempferol, naringin and resveratrol flavonoids were detected in different proportions. While rutin (154.33 µg g-) and resveratrol (20.02 µg g-) has the highest ratio in C. libani, quercetin (9.65 µg g-) and naringin (9.31 µg g-) were detected in P. nigra subsp. pallasiana along with rutin (39.66 µg g-). According to the antimicrobial activity results the essential oils of C. libani obtained in April has produced higher activity than that of July and September. On the contrary, the essential oils from P. nigra subsp. pallasina have produced the best antimicrobial activity on September compared to April and July. As a result, C. libani and P. nigra subsp. pallasiana essential oils have a composition showing antimicrobial activity and their harvesting season should be determined for the best and effective content.

The aim of the present study is to investigate the impact of some environmental factors on the descriptive values of milk yield characteristics in Holstein cows. For this purpose, a total of 241 lactations belonging to 62 Holstein cows had been kept as breeders in a private establishment were evaluated for 7 years in terms of milk yield. When the recording system of the establishment was examined, the average values of lactation yield (LY), corrected 305 day milk yield (305-dMY), average daily milk yield (ADMY) and lactation length (LL) were 9356.2±126.1 kg, 8549.2±105.8 kg, 28.0±0.3 kg and 315.0±2.3 days, respectively. The least mean squares (LMS) of LY was calculated as 9324.9 kg. It was found that the effect of the calving season on the LY was statistically significant (P

The aim of this study was to determine the effects on some serum parameters of wheat and corn gluten diet, which is also a high protein source. A total of 24 male rats aged 20 days and divided into 3 groups, each containing 8 rats were used in the study. The majority of the protein content in the diet of soybean meal as a Control group; in the diet of wheat gluten as a Wheat group; in the diet of corn gluten as a Corn group were composed. At the end of the study, blood samples taken from all animals were analysed. In the study, serum glucose, TP, urea, creatinine and BUN levels were found to be significantly decreased in Corn group compared to Wheat group. Serum ALT levels were similar with the Control and Wheat groups, but it was found to be significantly decreased in the Corn group. Serum AST levels were significantly lower in the Corn group. Serum GGT levels were significantly lower in both Corn and Wheat groups compared to Control group. Serum Ca and P levels were similar with all groups, whereas Mg levels were significantly decreased in Wheat and Corn groups compared to the Control group. As a result, it can be said that corn gluten added to the diet has more positive effects than wheat gluten in terms of both liver enzyme activities (AST, ALT and GGT) and renal parameters (Urea and BUN).

Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala are the two Indian major carps and chief components of polyculture system in the local population. Proximate body composition is the analysis of water, fat, protein and ash contents of fish. Values are vary considerably within and between species, size, sexual condition, feeding season and physical activity. The percentage of water is a good indicator of its relative contents of energy, proteins and lipids. Determination of some proximate profiles such as protein content, lipid, ash and other nutrients is often necessary to ensure that they are within the range of dietary requirement and commercial specifications. Based on this background the present study was aimed to evaluate the nutritional value of some major craps (Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala) fishes of Peshawar Carp Hatchery and training centre Sherabad. The proximate composition of Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala samples were determined and data was evaluated statistically by performing t-test through Sigma Plot and graphs were made by using Graph Pad Prism. The average value of crude protein for Cirrhinus mrigala was found higher than Labeo rohita (51.7% and 39.04%) similarly the water contents were also found higher in Cirrhinus mrigala than Labeo rohita (75.88% and 73.95%). The average value of dry matter and muscle fats contents were lowered in Cirrhinus mrigala than Labeo rohita (24.11% and 26.04%) and (13.00% and 13.45%) respectively. However, the ash contents were similar in both of experimental species (23.91% and 23.93%). From these results, it is concluded that both Cirrhinus mrigala than Labeo rohita are very proteineous and have low fats contents so it is very good for the health of consumers. Further research is recommended on the other parameters and miss rays of this work.

Son yıllarda gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelerde kaliteli et üretimi ve et üretim kayıplarını azaltma ile ilgili yapılan bilimsel araştırma sayısında artış olduğu bilinmektedir. Yapılan araştırmalarda nakil koşullarının etin raf ömrünü ve etin görünümünü etkilediği bildirilmiştir. Kara yolu ile nakil koşullarının hayvan refahı kurallarına uygun olmadığı durumlarda mortality, karkas ezikleri meydana gelmekte ve etin normal pH’sı değişmektedir. Bu nedenle nakledilecek havanların özellikleri (ırk, tür, cinsiyet, yaş ve yetiştirme şekli) ve nâkilin etkenleri (bakıcılar, şoförler, yükleme, boşaltma, araç, alan, mevsim, açlık, susuzluk, sosyal grup, yolun mesafesi ve durumu) dikkate alınarak yapılacak iyi bir planlama üretim kayıplarını azaltacak ve et kalitesini artıracaktır. Bu derlemede, hayvanların karayoluyla nakillerinin planlanmasında dikkat edilmesi gereken kriterler hakkında araştırmacılara ve alanda çalışanlara kapsamlı bilgi sunmak amaçlanmıştır.

The aim of this study is to determine adaptation and quality parameters of some cool season turfgrass cultivars and species, In the scope of this study, leaf form, variation of leaf colour according to the seasons, tiller number, thinning ratio, weed ratio and general appearance of the species were determined. The experiment was established according to confounding design with four replications in Samsun Conditions at November, 2010. According to 1000 seed weight and characteristics of the plants seeding ratios were determined as pure and viable seed as follows; Lolium perenne 40 g m-2, Festuca rubra var. rubra and Festuca rubra var. commutata 30 g m-2, Festuca arundinacea 40 g m-2, Poa pratensis 20 g m-2, Festuca rubra trichophylla 30 g m-2, Agrostis stolonifera and Agrostis tenuis 5 g m-2, Festuca ovina 25 g m-2. According to the results obtained from this study it was determined that species/cultivars have some superiority to each other because of their different morphological and physiological characteristics. When we consider weed competition, Lolium perenne and Festuca arundinaceae cultivars have to be added to the mixture in order to decrease weed competition. There was colour variation distinctively depending on the seasons for all species. But, compare to the others, cultivars of Agrostis sp. and Poa pratensis cultivars have the potential to keep leaf colour in different seasons. Leaf form and appearance of Festuca rubra, Poa trivialis and Festuca ovina are better than the others. In order to keep good conditions of turfgrass areas, especially after cutting in summer period, Poa pratensis and Poa trivialis should added in mixtures to get benefit their higher regenerating power.

The demand of consumers to minimally processed, fresh-like foods can be meet with the non-thermal technologies, because of the undesirable effects of conventional thermal process on the quality parameters of fruit juices. Decrease in nutritional value, loss of colour pigments and vitamins, formation of some flavour defects can be reduced with ultrasound applications. Especially the advantage of ultrasound which is protecting or improving the bioactive component content have increased interest in ultrasound in recent years. In this study, the effects of ultrasound applications on bioactive components of fruit juices were reviewed and evaluated separately as the effect on ascorbic acid, anthocyanin, flavonoids and carotenoid contents. The increasing, decreasing or insignificant effects of ultrasound on bioactive content of juices which were observed in researches might be resulted from the differences between juice matrixes as well as ultrasonication parameters. Because of this, investigating ultrasound technology in different juices and optimizing the ultrasonication parameters for each fruit juice are important.

The application of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) and multivariate analysis for determining the seed germination rate of corn genotypes was assessed. Seed samples about 90 gr belong to commercial and local corn varieties at various ages were scanned with FT-NIRS on the reflectance mode from 1000 to 2500 nm wavelength. Filter paper technique showed the seed germination rates varied between 18-100% depending on the genotypes after 7 days at ±25°C. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) was applied to the reference values corresponding to the spectra. The best statistical results obtained from the pre-treatment combinations of Smooth Savitzky-Golay 9 Points (sg9), MSC full and normalization to unit length (nle). The regression coefficient of calibration (R2C) and prediction (R2P) of the created NIRS calibration via chemometric software NIRCal are realized 0.97 and 0.98 respectively for the property of corn germination rate. The standard error of both calibration (SEC) and prediction (SEP) were almost overlapping (4.17%, 4.61% respectively). The prediction accuracy of the final NIRS model was quite reasonable with the acceptable root mean standard error of prediction (RMSEP) as 8.88%. According to the residual predictive deviation (RPD) index (4.18), the accuracy of the NIRS model regarded as in the best category. Therefore, the NIRS model developed here is sufficient to predict the corn seed germination rate very fast and non-destructively without using any regents.

In this study, it is aimed to determine the heavy metal pollution caused by wastewaters of leather factory in Keban Dam Lake (Agın region). For this purpose, water samples were taken monthly during one year from the selected stations (wastewater of leather factory, wastewater discharged region and open water region). The concentrations of some heavy metals (Cu, Fe, Zn, Cr, Ni, Cd, As and Hg) were determined in water samples. The ranges of elements were found as Cu=11.71-19.14; Fe=82.03-169.92; Zn=39.06-70.31; Cr=58.59-82.03; Ni=2.5-10.25; Cd=45-72.5 mg/L; As=43.57-76.0 and Hg=0.42-0.76 µg/L in wastewater; Cu=6.25-9.74; Fe=42.96-87.89; Zn=16,21-42,96; Cr=39,06-58.59; Ni=1.22-7.25; Cd=23.75-45.0 mg/L; As=20.32-37.92 and Hg=0.19-0.38 µg/L in discharged water to dam lake, Cu=0.31-0.52; Fe=0.24-0.54; Zn=0.43-0.67; Cr=0.05-1.12; Ni=0.002-0.004 and Cd=0.009-0.02 mg/L in open water respectively. It has been determined that heavy metal pollution is very high in the wastewater of leather factory and discharged water to Dam Lake. Among these heavy metals, the most accumulated metal was chromium. In all three regions, the lowest concentrations were found in winter and the highest concentrations were found in summer. The results were compared with tolerable values for heavy metals provided from the WHO, EC and USEPA standards for freshwater. Cu, Fe, Zn, Cr and Ni concentrations in the wastewater and discharged water to the Dam Lake were found above the standard values given by WHO, EC and USEPA.