Bu çalışma; Şanlıurfa ve Gaziantep sınırları içinde bulunan Karkamış Baraj Gölü’nün fiziko-kimyasal özelliklerini ortaya çıkarmak amacıyla Ocak-Aralık 2015 tarihleri arasında belirlenen 5 istasyonda yüzey ve 4 ve 8 m derinliklerden su örnekleri alınarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Alınan su örneklerinde yıl boyunca sıcaklık, pH, çözünmüş oksijen, elektriksel iletkenlik, amonyum azotu, nitrat azotu, orto fosfat fosforu, toplam azot ve toplam fosfor ölçülmüş olup tespit edilen değerler sırasıyla; sıcaklık (14,3-21,6°C ortalama: 9,4), pH (8,4-9,1-7,8), çözünmüş oksijen (9-10-11,8 mg L-1), elektriksel iletkenlik (251-332-412 µS cm-1) amonyum azotu (0,003-0,069-0,194 mg L-1), nitrat azotu (1,549-2,292-3,473 mg N L-1), nitrit azotu (0,001-0,006-0,053 mg L-1), orto fosfat fosforu (0,007-0,034-0,076 mg L-1), toplam azot (0,722-1,154-1,696 mg L-1), toplam fosfor (0,007-0,016-0,026 mg L-1) bulunmuştur. Karkamış Baraj Gölü’nde fizikokimyasal parametrelerin aylık olarak farklı derinliklerde değişimini izleyerek, su kalitesi özelliklerine ve sucul yaşam açısından uygunluk seviyesi ile Yüzeysel Su Kalitesi Yönetim Yönetmenliğine göre I. Sınıf yüksek kaliteli su sınıfında olduğunu göstermektedir.

Protein, vitamin ve mineral içeriği yüksek olan et, taze olarak tüketilemediği için farklı yöntemlerle işlenmektedir. Kurutma, etin uzun süre saklanmasında kullanılan en eski yöntemlerden birisidir. Kurutulmuş et ürünleri genel kapsamda Jerky olarak isimlendirilmekte ve genel olarak etin çeşitli ön işlemlere tabi tutulup (marinasyon, tuzlama, tütsüleme vb.) sonrasında uygun kurutma işlemiyle son ürün haline getirilmesi ile üretilmektedir. Etin kurutulmasında yaygın olarak kullanılan yöntemler güneşte kurutma ve gölgede kurutmayı model alan geleneksel sıcak hava ile kurutmadır. Bununla birlikte, günümüzde geleneksel yöntemlerin meydana getirmiş olduğu çeşitli fizikokimyasal, dokusal ve duyusal kalite kayıplarının azaltılmasına yönelik olarak çeşitli kurutma tekniklerinin geliştirilmesi ve bu tekniklerin et kurutulmasında kullanılması yaygınlaşmaktadır. Yapılan bu derleme çalışması, çeşitli et gruplarının geleneksel ve güncel yöntemlerle kurutulmasına yönelik çalışmaları ve bu yöntemlere ilişkin güncel önerileri içermektedir.

Food spoilage pathogens threaten to human health. In this work was studied biological activity of plant known as the “kurtludiken” in Turkey and it is contributed to the literature. Cardopatium corymbosum L. from Mugla region were collected for antimicrobial and antioxidant activity studies. The antimicrobial activity studies were done by disc diffusion method. A total of 8 microorganisms were used at this study, one of them is yeast and the others are bacteria. The 2,2′-azinobis-(3 ethyl benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS•+) was used for non-enzymatic antioxidant activity experiments. There are few studies on the biological activities of Cardopatium corymbosum. The aim of this study is to determine the antimicrobial and antioxidant effects of Cardopatium corymbosum against food pathogens. The radical scavenging percentage of plant was found to be 13%. As a result, Cardopatium corymbosum have antimicrobial and antioxidant capacities.

Public concern on the excessive use of synthetic food additives has raised a great interest to use natural products due to their potential in food and pharmacological industries. Nowadays, chemical food additives are questioned due to their contribution to the health risks and environmental impacts. Among natural additives, essential oils (EOs) are extracted from aromatic compounds and responsible for their biological activities namely antimicrobial and antioxidant capacity. Incorporation of bio-active compounds particularly EOs directly in food or edible/biodegradable food packaging seems to enhance the shelf life and quality characteristics of processed food and protect the consumers against oxidative and bacterial deterioration effects. However, inclusion of EOs in films/coatings for food packaging may put some effects on various properties (optic, tensile and etc.), which can affect the consumer acceptability. Their addition in food can cause some allergic and hypersensitivity reactions to the individuals who use them often. This paper aims to review the latest findings on the use of EOs incorporated with edible/biodegradable films and coatings to enhance the shelf life and quality of the food. Further investigations about essential oils are expected to clarify their exact action and build up their standard use in food industry.

Enterococcus lactis PMD74 is a novel strain with a notably high antimicrobial activity. The present study evaluated the anti-listerial effect of a bacteriocin-like peptide (BLIP) produced by E. lactis PMD74 isolated from Ezine cheese (PDO). The strain was screened for its antimicrobial activity against 22 indicator strains using both agar spot and well diffusion methods. We observed that the neutralized cell-free supernatant (CFS) of E. lactis PMD74 exhibited varying levels of antimicrobial activity against both closely and distantly related pathogenic strains, with the highest activity displayed against Listeria monocytogenes strains. Although thermostable and resistant to lysozyme treatment, BLIP could be completely inactivated by trypsin, proteinase K, and α-chymotrypsin treatments. BLIP production starts in the early exponential growth phase of E. lactis PMD74 (3 h incubation, 400 AU mL–1) and reaches its maximal production (6400 AU mL–1) at the end of the exponential growth phase. Moreover, it is stable in the pH range of 2.0 to 7.0. The treatment of cultures of L. monocytogenes ATCC 7644 and Escherichia coli ATCC 26922 with sterilized CFS exhibited bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects, respectively. Furthermore, co-inoculation of L. monocytogenes ATCC 7644 and E. lactis PMD74 in skim milk led to complete loss of viability of L. monocytogenes ATCC 7644. These findings suggest that BLIP produced by E. lactis PMD74 could serve as a promising food preservative agent owing to its bactericidal and bacteriostatic properties.

Water kefir is a fermented probiotic beverage produced by fermentation of dried sugary fruits and sugar using water kefir grains. Sucrose is used as a sugar source in the traditional production of water kefir. The aim of this study is to determine the effects of grape molasses, honey and unrefined sugar on water kefir grains instead of sucrose. In the study, 4 groups were formed: grape molasses (10 g), honey (10 g), unrefined sugar (10 g) and refined sugar (10 g). 2 g of water kefir grain and 500 mL of drinking water were used for each group. And each group samples were fermented for 25°C 48 hours. The study continued for 5 weeks. The pH values and the titratable acidity values of water kefir samples and the weight of water kefir grains were determinated once every two day, while microbiological analyzes (Lactobacillus spp., Lactococcus spp. and yeast contents) and ethanol content of samples were determinate once every 15 days. In this study; it has been observed that the use of different sugars has no significant effect on the weights of the water kefir grains. In addition, it was determined that the Lactococcus spp. and yeast amounts in the water kefirs were higher in the samples produced by using honey and grape molasses. As a result, it was revealed that grape molasses, honey and unrefined sugar could be used as fermentation substrate in production of water kefir. At the same time, water kefir can be shown as an alternative fermented product for vegan consumers with allergies to dairy products.

Bu araştırma Göller Yöresi (Türkiye) florasında farklı lokasyonlarda doğal olarak yetişen Cnidium silaifolium (Jacq.) Simonkai’nin meyve uçucu yağ oranı ve bileşenlerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla 2014 yılında yürütülmüştür. Uçucu yağ oranı clavenger tipi hidro-distilasyon cihazında, uçucu yağ bileşenleri ise GC/MS’de belirlenmiştir. Aksu (1,120 m) ve Dedegöl (1,540 m) lokasyonlarından alınan meyvelerin uçucu yağ oranları sırasıyla %0,50 ve %0,67, uçucu yağı oluşturan bileşen sayıları ise sırasıyla 38 ve 29 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Her iki lokasyonda da uçucu yağı oluşturan önemli bileşenlerin β-Elemene (%22,30-29,79), Trans-Caryophyllene (%11,85-21,88), Germacrene-D (%9,74-17,31), α-Humulene (%5,22-5,85) ve δ-Cadinene (%4,82-6,66) olduğu belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada rakımın uçucu yağı oluşturan bileşenler ve oranları üzerine önemli derecede etki gösterdiği, düşük rakımda bulunan bazı bileşenlerin yüksek rakımlarda bulunmadığı tespit edilmiştir.

This study aims to investigate the views and awareness level of nutrition and dietetics undergraduates about genetically modified organisms (GMO). A total of 228 university students participated in the research (130 female, 98 male students). During data collection, 8 open-ended questions and attitude scale questionnaire (30 questions) were applied in order to determine the demographic features and GMO knowledge of students. Students’ replies to questions; “Do you think GMO technology is beneficial or harmful? If it's beneficial, why? If it is harmful, why?” 76.8% stated that they found it harmful. To the question, “if it is harmful why?” students replied, “they cause cancer”. There is a statistical difference between the answers of first and third-year students. To the question, “have you heard about the precautions that were taken by the ministry? If yes, do you think they are sufficient?” 76.80% students stated that they were not aware of the precautions that were taken by the ministry. 53 participants replied to this question as “I have an idea about this.” But to the question “Is it sufficient?” they stated that they are not sure about it. There is a statistical difference between graduates of Vocational High School and Anatolian High School. In this assessment, it was seen that the basic knowledge of students about GMO is enough, but they experience confusion. Most of the students believe that GMO technology is harmful and has some conceptual errors. Positive and negative sides of GMO technology should be expressed clearly. It was concluded that course curriculums should include topics that will increase knowledge and awareness related to GMOs. Additionally, courses can be given selectively in the field of biotechnology so that confusion about GMO’s can be eliminated.

Plants need different macro and micro nutrient elements to grow and reproduce. Their malnutrition results in unhealthy growth. The soils of Naqadeh area, Iran are deficient in micronutrient elements. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of micronutrients application on some qualitative and quantitative parameters of economically important monogerm sugar beet cv. Sonja. The plants were foliar sprayed with iron, boron, zinc, and manganese. The studied traits were potassium, sodium, nitrogen, extraction coefficient, sugar percent, recoverable sugar, alkalinity, molasses, root yield, and white sugar recovery yield. The effect of micronutrients was significant on all studied traits. The highest extraction coefficient of 89.31 was related to the foliar application of iron (Fe) and the highest recoverable sugar percent (16.91%) was obtained from Zn application. Also, the highest mean root yield (74.120 t ha-1) and white sugar yield (12.137 t ha-1) were noted after foliar treatments of boron (B) and Fe, respectively.

Industries, as a source of pollution, have a considerable impact on aquatic ecosystems due to the diversity in the composition of their wastewater. In this study, it is aimed to determine the heavy metal pollution caused by the wastewater of milk products factory, paint factory and textile factory in the Organized Industrial Zone of Kahramanmaraş province. For this purpose, seasonal concentrations of some heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni, Cd, As and Hg) have been determined in wastewaters of milk products factory, paint factory and textile factory and in the region where these wastewaters discharge in the Erkenez Stream. The seasonal variation of heavy metals in all stations, generally the lowest concentrations of all elements were determined in winter and the highest concentrations were determined in summer. When the heavy metal contents of milk products factory, paint factory and textile factory wastewaters were compared, the highest values were found in textile factory wastewater. When all stations are taken into consideration, according to USEPA and water quality criteria, it is determined that the wastewaters of milk products factory, paint factory and textile factory and the area of the Erkenez Stream, where these wastewaters are discharged, were very dirty in term of heavy metals. When these results are taken into consideration, it is clear that the wastewater of these factories causes serious heavy metal pollution in the Erkenez Stream.