Due to their widespread use in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries, medicinal and aromatic plants have gained importance with an increasing number of studies being conducted concerning the yield and quality characteristics of these plants. In breeding studies, selection is successful when there a correlation is established between the essential oil content, composition, and morphological and agronomic characteristics. The aim of this study was to address the correlation between the yield and quality of medicinal and aromatic plants to present a different perspective for breeding studies. Therefore, in this study, the relationship among the characteristics and the essential oil content of Izmir oregano (Origanum onites L.) and lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) plants were investigated, and correlation and path analyses were performed. There was a significant negative correlation between the essential oil content and fresh herb (-0.279*), dry herb (-0.281*), and dry stem yield (-0.283*) of Izmir oregano. However, no significant correlation was found between the essential oil content and these agronomic characteristics in lemon balm. Fresh herb yield had a significant positive correlation with dry herb (0.661**), dry leaf (0.690**), and dry stem yield (0.610**). Dry herb yield was significantly and positively correlated with dry leaf (0.510*) and dry stem (0.461*) yields. A significant positive correlation was also observed between dry leaf and dry stem (0.688**) yields. According to the results of the path analysis, while the maximum negative effect on the essential oil content of Izmir oregano was provided by dry herb (-48.05%) yield, the highest direct positive effect belonged to dry leaf (21.69%) and dry stem (15.13%) yields. Dry leaf yield (-51.61%) and plant height (-45.71%) were the parameters that had the highest direct negative effect on the essential oil content of lemon balm while fresh herb (33.50%) and dry herb (30.27%) yields were the source of the highest direct positive effect.

Greenhouse gas emissions constitute the basis of global warming. One of the sectors contributing to the greenhouse gas emissions is the agriculture sector which accounts for 24% of the global greenhouse gas emissions. In this study, the effect of cattle husbandry, small ruminant husbandry, poultry husbandry, paddy production, which are the main causes of emissions in the agriculture sector, on agricultural CO2 release was investigated. The research covers the years 1991-2017 of Turkey and China. In the study, time-series analyses such as Augmented Dickey-Fuller Breakpoint Unit Root Test, Johansen Cointegration Test, Ordinary Least Square Regression, Full Modified Ordinary Least Square, Canonical Cointegrating Regression and Impulse-Response Analysis were used. According to the results of the analysis, the effects of cattle husbandry, small ruminant husbandry, and paddy production activities on agricultural CO2 emissions were statistically significant in Turkey. We determined that the most effective variable on agricultural CO2 emissions was cattle husbandry both in the long- and short-term. On the other hand, poultry farming had no statistically significant effect on agricultural CO2 emissions. According to the results of the analysis for China, all variables were statistically significant. As a result, it is important to adopt methods that will not cause environmental damage or will have minimal impact in determination processes of effective parameters on agricultural CO2. The government should determine the boundaries of agricultural production processes through legal arrangements and the relevant ministries should implement them seriously. To take these measures and implement them are seen as a necessity for a sustainable world and a sustainable agricultural sector.

Araştırmada yumurta verimi için 60 aile işletmesinden 200 adet kaza ait toplam 2365 adet yumurta incelenmiştir. Yumurta verimi ve dış kalite özelliklerinin incelenmesinde kazlar tüy rengine göre; beyaz, siyah, kahverengi, alaca ve gri ve yaşa göre; 1, 2, 3, 4 ve >4 gruplarına ayrılmıştır. Kuluçka özelliklerinin belirlenmesinde ise kazlar yaş, tüy rengi ve yumurta ağırlığı (170,00) gruplarına ayrılmıştır. Yumurta verimi ve yumurtlama periyodu genel ortalamaları sırasıyla 12,66±0,07 adet/kaz ve 28,61±0,19 gün olarak, yumurta ağırlığı ve yumurta şekil indeksi ortalamaları ise sırayla 163,74±0,38 g ve %65,78 olarak belirlenmiştir. Yumurta verimi ve yumurtlama periyodu üzerine yaş ve tüy renginin etkisi önemli bulunmuştur. Kaz yumurtalarının kuluçka özelliklerinden döllülük, kuluçka randımanı, çıkım oranı, embriyonal ölüm oranı ve kabuk altı ölüm oranı genel ortalamaları sırasıyla %76,10, %60,88, %80,00, %13,16 ve %6,84 olarak belirlenmiştir. Kuluçka özellikleri üzerine tüy renginin etkisi önemsiz, yaşın döllülük oranı üzerine etkisi önemli, incelenen diğer özellikler üzerine etkisi ise önemsiz bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak yerli Türk kazlarının yumurta verimi ve yumurtlama periyodunun birçok kaz ırklarından düşük, yumurta ağırlığının birçok kaz ırkları ile benzer olduğu belirlenmiştir. Yumurta ağırlığı arttıkça kuluçka randımanın arttığı belirlenmiştir. Yumurta verimi bakımından 3 yaşlı kazların diğer yaş kazlara göre yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Bread is a popular food in the world because of its variety and convenience. Currently, studies on the adding probiotics to bread are limited due to the adverse effects of processing, such as baking temperature, aerobic environment to the probiotic bacteria. The objective of this study was to produce probiotic cream bread, in which Lactobacillus acidophilus was microencapsulated with Alginate 2% (A); Alginate 2% + maltodextrin 1% (AM); Alginate 2% + xanthan gum 0.1% (AX); and Alginate 2% + maltodextrin 1% + xanthan gum 0.1% (AMX). Microcapsules were added to the kernel, conducting encapsulation yield investigations, survival in baking, preservation of bread, and in simulated gastric fluid and simulated intestinal fluid conditions after 8 days of storage. The results showed that the addition of xanthan gum enhanced the encapsulation yield, it reached 92.9% and 92.37% in AMX and AX samples, respectively. The viability of L. acidophilus during baking was decreased by 3.64 and 3.75 Log (CFU/bread) in AMX and AM samples, compared to A and AX which were decreased by 4.75 and 4.44 Log (CFU/ bread). In SGF (Simulated Gastric Fluid) and SIF (Simulated Intestinal Fluid) conditions, the AMX microcapsules provide the best probiotic protection among the four tested carriers. The combination of xanthan gum and maltodextrin in alginate matrix, eventually leading to having dual efficiency: First, xanthan gum would act as buffers that reduce acid activity; Second, maltodextrin acting as a protective agent of L. acidophilus against high temperature as well as potential prebiotic that improve the viability of probiotic.

Çalışmada, ‘Tuzcu 31-31 turuncu’ ve ‘C-35 sitranjı’ turunçgil anaçlarının, in vitro’da geleneksel katı kültür ve geçici daldırma prensibine dayanan Plantform biyoreaktör sistemi ile karşılaştırmalı olarak mikroçoğaltım ve köklendirme denemeleri yürütülmüştür. Turunçgil anaçlarının katı kültür mikroçoğaltım denemeleri için, Murashige ve Skoog (MS) ve Woody Plant (WPM) besin ortamları ile bitki büyüme düzenleyicilerden 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) (0; 1,0; 2,0 mg L-1), Kinetin (KIN) (0; 0,5; 1,0 mg L-1) ve 2-Isopentenyl adenine (2IP) (0; 1,0; 2,0 mg L-1) farklı konsantrasyonları denenmiştir. Katı kültür köklenme denemeleri için; MS, ½ MS, WPM besin ortamları ile 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) (0; 0,5; 1,0; 2,0 mg L-1) ve Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) (0; 0,5; 1,0; 2,0 mg L-1) bitki büyüme düzenleyicilerinin farklı konsantrasyonları incelenmiştir. Her iki genotip içinde en iyi mikroçoğaltım sonuçları 2,0 mg L-1 BAP içeren MS besin ortamından ve en iyi köklenme sonuçları 0,5 mg L-1 NAA içeren ½ MS besin ortamından elde edilmiştir. Mikroçoğaltım ve köklenme için belirlenen en iyi besin ortamı içeriği ile Plantform biyoreaktör sisteminde çalışılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda, her iki genotipte de kardeşlenme ortamında, Plantform sistemi bitki kalitesi bakımından daha iyi sonuç vermiştir. Köklenme ortamında Plantform sistemi, katı kültür besin ortamına göre daha avantajlı bulunmuştur. SSR markırları ile yapılan tarama sonucunda da, Plantform sisteminde çoğaltılan ve köklendirilen bitkilerde, herhangi bir genetik açılımın olmadığı belirlenmiştir.

Bu çalışmada Keban Baraj Gölü'nde ağ kafeslerde yetiştirilen gökkuşağı alabalığının kan protein düzeylerinin aylık değişimi incelendi. Bir yıl boyunca gökkuşağı alabalıklarından aynı yaş gurubundan her ay 10 örnek alınarak toplam boy ve canlı ağırlıkları ölçüldü. Kaudal venadan alınan kan örneklerinin serumu çıkarılarak; total protein, albumin, globulin ve fibrinojen miktarları belirlendi. İncelenen kan protein düzeylerinden; total protein (TP) 4,52 g/dl, albumin 2,37 g/dl, globulin 2,15 g/dl olarak yıl içerisinde en yüksek Mart ayında bulunmuştur. Fibrinojen ise en yüksek Ocak ayında (198,74 mg/dl) bulunmuştur. Toplam protein, albumin ve globulin düzeyleri en düşük kış aylarında bulunurken fibrinojen yaz aylarında en düşük miktarda bulunmuştur. İstatistiki analiz sonuçlarına göre tüm ölçümlerin aylık değişimleri önemli bulunmuştur. Albumin, globulin, fibrinojen değerleri ile toplam boy ve canlı ağırlık ve değerleri arasında pozitif bir ilişki bulunmuştur ve bu değerlerin aylık değişimleri önemli bulunmuştur.

To investigate the virus infections of sour and sweet cherries, various locations of Niğde province were examined during 2017. Ninety sweet and sour cherry leaf samples showing suspicious virus symptoms were collected and screened with virus-specific primers: Little cherry virus 1 (LChV1), Cherry necrotic rusty mottle virus (CNRMV), Prune dwarf virus (PDV), Prune necrotic ring spot virus (PNRSV), Apple mosaic virus (ApMV), Cherry green ring mottle virus (CGRMV), Cherry leaf roll virus (CLRV), Cherry mottle leaf virus (CMLV), Plum bark necrotic stem pitting associated virus (PBNSPaV), Cherry twisted leaf virus (CTLV), Apple stem grooving virus (ASGV), Little cherry virus 2 (LChV2), Cherry rusty leaf virus (CRLV), Apple stem pitting virus (ASPV), Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV). Based on RT-PCR analysis, no amplification was observed except LChV1 amplifications, dsRNA analysis resulted in one suspicious profile. To validate those results, more sensitive TaqMan Real-Time PCR analysis and sequence analysis were conducted and LChV1 was detected on 7 samples. It can be concluded that only a low quantity of LChV1 infections was observed on some of the screened cherry samples.

Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, Sclerotinia, Verticillium, Armillaria ve Rosellinia gibi toprak kökenli bitki patojeni funguslar, birçok bahçe ve tarla ürününde bitki ölümlerine ve verim kayıplarına sebep olan kök çürüklüğü hastalıklarına neden olmaktadır. Kök çürüklüğü hastalıklarının kontrolünde dayanıklı çeşit kullanımı, ürün rotasyonu, solarizasyon, fungisit uygulamaları ve toprak fumigasyonu gibi çeşitli mücadele yöntemleri uygulanmaktadır. Metil bromide ve kloropikrin gibi fumigantlarla yapılan toprak fumigasyonu toprak kökenli fungusların kontrolü için kullanılan en etkili yöntemlerden biridir. Ancak bu kimyasalların çevre ve insan sağlığına olumsuz etkilerinden dolayı dünyada ve ülkemizde kullanımı yasaklanmıştır. Bu nedenle, yeterli hastalık kontrolü sağlayan ve ticari fungisitlerle rekabet edebilen alternatif yöntemlerin araştırılmasına ihtiyaç vardır. Biofumigasyon kimyasal mücadeleye alternatif yöntemler arasında değerlendirilmekte nematodlar, yabancı otlar ve bazı fungusların neden olduğu hastalıkların mücadelesinde oldukça etkili olup, entegre mücadelenin bir parçası olarak kabul edilmektedir. Toprak kökenli fungusların kontrolünde örtücü bitkiler, organik gübre ve biyokatı atıklar biyofumigant olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Bu çalışmada toprak kökenli fungusların kontrolünde biyofumigasyon uygulamaları ve biyofumigantların funguslar üzerindeki etki şekilleri değerlendirilmiştir.

Fats have a function in transmitting the necessary fatty acids to fish as well as being an energy source in fish nutrition. In particular, high-chain unsaturated fatty acids are needed for feeding saltwater fish. In this study, the fatty acid composition of fish oils obtained from some whole-body fish and fish by-products used in the fish-feed industry in Turkey was determined and compared with each other. Accordingly, SFA (Saturated fatty acids) ratios were in the range of 15.57-33.38% in the oils obtained from the whole-body fish and in the range of 16.3-31.89% in the oils from fish by-products; MUFA (Monounsaturated fatty acids) ratios were in the range of 24-38.69% in the oils obtained from the whole-body fish and in the range of 25.81-47.57% in the oils from fish by-products; PUFA (Polyunsaturated fatty acids) ratios were in the range of 31-36.73% in the oils obtained from the whole-body fish and in the range of 33.54-36.78% in the oils from fish by-products. Given DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) ratios which are among the most important PUFAs for nutrition, it was determined that DHA ratios were in the range of 14.08-19.10% in the oils obtained from the whole-body fish and in the range of 3.55-15.28% in the oils from fish by-products, whereas EPA ratios were in the range of 8-9.89% in the oils obtained from the whole-body fish and in the range of 2.63-15.28% in the oils from fish by-products.

Maize and dry bean are the most important food crops that feed over 85% of Kenyan households. However, the productivity of these crops is low due to the high costs of land preparation and weed control, soil infertility and limited soil moisture under the current conventional tillage system of production. A study was carried in Embu County and Kirinyaga County to determine the economic returns of a maize-bean rotation system under different tillage systems and fertilizer regimes. Maize was produced during the long rains under no-till with crop residue retention (NT+CR) and conventional tillage with no crop residue retention (CT-CR) and inorganic fertilizer regimes (NK, NP, PK, NPK, and NPK+CaMgZnBS). Dry bean was planted in the short rains in the same plots where maize under different nutrient management regimes and tillage systems had been grown and harvested. The trial was laid out in a split-plot design with the tillage method as the main plot and fertilizer as sub-plot. Economic performance was assessed using partial budget analysis based on labor data and prices of all inputs used during the production period. Grain yields were reduced by 10% to reflect farmers’ yield levels. Maize and dry bean grains were sold at the prevailing farm gate prices. Results showed that maize-bean rotation was KE 22,718 cheaper under no-till with crop residue retention (NT+CR) than under conventional tillage with no crop residue retention (CT-CR). On average, NT+CR recorded KE 29,569 higher net benefit than CT-CR. The NT+CR tillage recorded a benefit to cost ratio of 3.7 compared to 2.7 recorded under CT-CR tillage system. The NT+CR with NK combined was the most profitable treatment with a benefit to cost ratio of 4.92 for maize and 4.33 for maize-bean rotation system. Based on this research, combination of no-till with crop residue retention has the potential to improve economic status and alleviate poverty among resource-constrained farmers.