This study was carried out in the research field of Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University. The research was conducted to determine the optimum planting time of mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) in Kahramanmaraş ecological conditions. The experiment was established as a randomized block design with three replications. Mung bean seeds were sown at five different sowing times (30 March, 15 April, 30 April, 15 May and 30 May). According to the results of the research, it was found that the differences among the averages of all traits except for plant height, number of seeds in pods and NDF ratio were significant. In the research, the emerging time of seedlings, 50% flowering period, 50% encapsulation period, 50% maturation period and plant height ranged from 6.33 to 14.67 days, 50.00 to 67.33 days, 57 to 70 days, 73.67 to 99.00 days and 36.43-41.70 cm respectively. When the values related to pod formation were examined, it was found that the first pod height, pod length, the number of pods, the number of seeds per pod and seed yield were between 11.82-21.70 cm, 9.06-10.63 cm, 9.43-23.93 pcs/plant, 9.90-10.27 pcs/pod and 25.00-74.21 kg/da, respectively. In addition, it was determined that the number of leaves, fresh forage yield, dry forage yield, crude ash ratio, ADF ratio and NDF ratio were between 47.30-73.77 pcs/plant, 960.00-1512.38 kg/da, 232.35-316.59 kg/da, 13.03-16.91%, 22.17-29.12% and 55.06-56.05%, respectively.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different cooking techniques and internal cooking temperature applications on the oxidative stability of hamburger patties. For this purpose, 4 different cooking techniques (boiling, oven-roasting, grilling and microwave) and 2 different internal cooking temperatures (72°C and 78°C) were used. Microwave cooking caused the highest cooking loss values. The higher cooking loss values were determined as a result of the 78°C internal cooking temperature application. Lower pH values were obtained by microwave cooking. Boiling increased L* and a* values, whereas decreased b* values compared to other cooking techniques. While a* values decreased with storage in hamburger patties, b* and HUE angle values increased. The lower thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and lipid hydroperoxide (LPO) values were determined in samples cooked with microwave or boiling technique. Even though there was no TBARS difference between different internal cooking temperature applications, the higher LPO values were determined in the application of 78°C internal cooking temperature. The results of this study showed that less oxidative changes could be occurred by the use of either microwave or boiling technique in hamburger patty production.

Powdery mildew is a serious disease of economically important hazelnut crop in Turkey. Hazelnut production has been extremely affected by the disease in terms of quality and quantity. The disease is caused by two different fungi, namely Erysiphe corylacearum and Phyllactinia guttata. E. corylacearum has been shown to be the responsible one predominantly for the recent economic damage. The fungi produce a mycelium network on hazelnut plants before they sporulate and visually detected. Early detection of these pathogens is important for management as well as understanding their spread and epidemics. In this study, a PCR assay was developed for the detection of both pathogens from hazelnut plant leaves by targeting their ribosomal DNA genes in their internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. Two sets of specific primers were designed for the detection of E. corylacearum and P. guttata at an early stage of infection. As a result of PCR, a specific band of 578 bp was observed. The amplicon sequencing confirmed the presence of only E. corylacearum, but not P. guttata. Therefore, this PCR-based test can identify plants that are infected with powdery mildew before they show any visual signs. From there, the infected plants can be treated or removed before the fungus has a chance to produce spores that infect neighboring plants. These results would help tackle the eradication of powdery mildew.

In this study, it was aimed to investigate the quality characteristics of different dry beans (Önceler 98, Göynük 98, Yunus 90, Topçu, Aras 98, Alberto, Bermaz, Noyanbey 98, Akman 98, Göksün, Karacaşehir 98) cultivars. The research, which was planned to be 20 plants per square meter and 4 repetitions, was conducted in Eastern Anatolia (Elazig) between May and September in 2017. The grain number per plant, grain weight per the plant, 100 grain weight, protein, starch and oil ratios of bean varieties were examined. At the end of the study, the number of grains per plant, grain weight of plant, 100 grain weight, protein, starch and fat ratio of beans varieties was between 25.45-159.85 piece, 19.00-51.15 g, 21.18-49.62 g, 24.65-28.24%, 40.80-46.31% 1.02-1.77% respectively. The highest values were determined for protein ratio (%) on Noyan Bey 98 cultivar and for grain weight of plant, starch ratio, fat ratio (%) on Göynük 98 cultivar among bean varieties.

This study was carried out to investigate the floristic features (family, preference by grazers, growth form and response to grazing) and qualities of forage species collected from mountainous rangeland (Akdağ Mountain, Ladik) in the middle Black Sea region of Turkey. Forage samples were collected five times by 15-day intervals from the before-flowering stage to the after-flowering stage in 2015 and 2016. The total number of species was 105 species belonging to 73 genera and related to 26 families. Of the total species, 20 were from Poaceae (19.0%), 30 were from Poaceae (28.6%). Rests of the species belonged to other families (52.4%) dominated by families such as Asteraceae (13/55) and Lamiaceae (6/55), of which 26 species were weeds harmful to animals. While the percentages of decreaser, increaser and invader species were 16.2, 12.4 and 71.4, those of annual, biennial and perennial species were 31.9, 2.9 and 65.2, respectively. The number of species preferred by grazing was 74 (70.5%), while the number of non-preferable species was 31 (29.5%). The ME (MJ kg-1), RFQ and quality category of legumes, grass, and other botanical families were found as 8.88±0.07, 130.9±3.05 and very good, 8.00±0.07, 83.2±1.62 and good, and 8.98±0.07, 141.0±3.62 and premium, respectively. These results can be used as a management tool to improve rangeland quality and sustainability. The evidence from this study is that floristic pattern is not merely a result of invader forage species, but also might be a beneficial result that deserves further study for mountainous rangelands.

In agricultural production, one of the limiting factors on plant growth and yield is soil salinity. The plant growth regulators are of considerable importance in alleviating the negative effect of salt stress. The study was carried out to determine the effects of salicylic (SA) and gibberellic acid (GA3) on the growth and some physiological characters in canola (Brassica napus L.) under salinity conditions in greenhouse. For this purpose, a factorial experiment set up as completely randomized design was conducted with three levels of SA (0, 0.5 and 1 mM) and GA3 (0, 50 and 100 mg l-1) and four levels of NaCl (0, 50, 100 and 150 mM) with three replications. In the study, leaf area, plant height, electrolyte leakage, chlorophyll content and the loss of leaf turgor were investigated. Salt treatments reduced significantly all of the considered parameters, compared with the control. Salinity caused a significant reduction of 63 and 67%in plant height and leaf area, respectively, as compared to the control plants. On the contrary, electrolyte leakage was markedly increased (six-fold) with increasing NaCl levels. Gibberellic acid increased significantly plant height and reduced the loss of leaf turgor, without a significant improve in other parameters. The results indicated that application of SA and GA3 to salinity stressed plants did not significantly affect canola vegetative growth. However, GA3 caused a partial decrease in the adverse effect of salinity.

Oat breeding activities at the Transitional Zone Agricultural Research Institute (TZARI) have been continuing since 1929. Within the scope of this study, it is aimed to select those that are high in yield and quality from local oat lines that are compatible with regional conditions and to register them as new oat cultivars. Field trials were conducted in rainfed conditions in Eskişehir TZARI Central and Hamidiye Campuses in the 2017-2018 crop season. In the study, ninehteen local lines (Avena sativa L.) collected from different parts of the country and Checota, Kahraman, Kırklar, Yeniçeri and Sebat varieties as a standard were used. In this research, besides various agro-morphological traits such as grain yield (GY), thousand kernel weight (TKW), plant height (PH), lodging score (LS), heading days (HD), grain protein content (PC), beta-glucan (BG), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) values were examined. According to the results of this study, differences between genotypes in parameters other than ADF and NDF values were found statistically significant. The means of grain yield was 2,93 t ha-1, and the GY of genotypes was ranged from 2,31 to 3,58 t ha-1 in the trial. TKW was ranged from 25,5 to 37,1g; PH was 83,3 to 130,2 cm; HD was 126,0 to 141,0 days; BG was 3,29 to 5,16%; PC was 13,4 to 15,9%; ADF was 16,4 to 19,4%; NDF was 30,8- 38,8% in the genotypes. Accordingly, G13, G16, G19, G21,G22 and G23 local oat lines have been found to be promising in terms of targeted agro-morphological and quality characteristics and transferred to advanced level in the oat breeding program.

Traditional medicine is still the only treatment in many rural areas especially the rural communities of east. Due to limited access to modern medicine, local people use medicinal plants to treat most diseases. Some herbs contain powerful contents and must be treated with the same precautionary care as in the case of drug, we do. In fact, a lot of drugs are basically based on artificial verities of natural composite in plants. For example, the heart drug Digitalis comes from a foxglove plant. Some drugs are single active substance derived from botanical sources. Herbalists believe that if the active ingredient is isolated from other parts of the plant, its action may be lost or its safety may be reduced. E.g, salicylic acid is present in a plant of meadowsweet which is used for aspirin production. Aspirin may cause bleeding in the gastric mucosa, but meadowsweet contains some other compounds naturally that interfere with the stimulation of salicylic acid. According to some practitioners, the effect of whole plant is greater than its parts individually. Critics believe that the nature of the herbs makes itself difficult to administer of such active ingredients. Herbs contain active ingredients, Mostly of them have unknown ingredients. As with other prescription drugs, herbs should always be prescribed by a qualified doctor.

The amount and area of the leaves should be at an optimum level in order to maintain the product quality and not to adversely affect the vine growth. Because carbohydrates, which are essential for omca and are mostly stored in fruit and wood, are formed by leaves after photosynthesis. Leaf area can be used in many areas. Among these, photosynthesis capacity and plant growth rate may. Various tools and methods (planimetry, leaf area meter, width-product, weight-area calculation, image processing programs, etc.) are used in determining leaf area. In this study, 3 American grape rootstocks (5BB, 110 R, 1103 P) and 5 grapes (Alphonse Lavallée, Italıa, Mıchele Palierı and Narince, Yalova İncisi) were used as material. 20 shoots with 15-25 nodules were taken from the rootstocks and varieties of the omca and the leaves were photocopied according to the order of the node. The actual field values of the leaves were measured with a planimeter. Leaf stem and leaf width and length of the leaves were also measured. Regression analysis was performed between leaf stem, leaf blade width and length, leaf blade × length values and real area. The maximum leaf area on one shoot was 5 BB (2484 cm2) from rootstocks and Narince (2126 cm2) from varieties. All three rootstocks gave the average value of the leaf found in 9th node. In terms of node number, which gives an average value according to the varieties, Alphonse Lavallée, Mıchele Palierı and Yalova İncisi varieties came to the forefront in 11th node. The 13th in Narince cultivar and the 12th in Italia cultivar gave the closest value to the average.

In this study, we aimed to prepare new calixaren embedded mercapto groups supported liquid membranes and to use them in the transport of heavy metals. For this purpose 5,11,17,23-tetra-tert-butyl-25,27-bis(3-thiol-1-oxypropane)-26,28-dihydroxylcalix[4]arene was synthesized. The synthesized calixarene compounds were fully characterized by spectroscopic and the other techniques. The prepared compounds were supported polyamide liquid membranes and obtained calix[4]aren embedded supported liquid membranes (C@PSMs). The characterization of C@PSM was carried out by FTIR, TGA and elemental analysis techniques. Transport experiments were carried out with Pb(II), Cd(II) and Zn(II) as trace metals, to transport from donor phase to accept phase. From the results, it was calculated flux (J) and recovery (RF) values. The affinity (the percentage of metal ion transferred from the source solution) of a PIM towards a range of divalent cations was found to follow the order Zn(II)> Cd(II)> Pb(II).