The study aims to report the ethnobotanical significance of medicinal plants for the treatment of various diseases, phytochemical constituents of those plants, their allelopathic effect, and impact of those plants on the socioeconomic aspect in Gulmi and Okhaldhunga district of Nepal. Altogether 41 species of medicinal plants from two areas were documented, using a semi-structured questionnaire. They have been using those species for the treatment of different ailment ranging from gastrointestinal problems, respiratory tract related problems, cuts and wounds, and dermatological problems. 18 of the potentially valuable medicinal plants were brought for performing secondary metabolites tests in methanol extract. The extracts have shown the presence of alkaloid, carbohydrate, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, saponins, oil and protein, out of which alkaloid was found to be present in every sample. In contrast, only 5 possessed protein. Out of 18 plant extracts, 11 most valued ones were isolated to carry out allelopathy tests on mungbean seed. Only the control treatment bored germination of the mungbean with full radicle and plumule development. This study also reports the impact of the use of medicinal plants in people’s daily life.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) improves the uptake of nutrients and water to the plants through mutual symbiosis. Only AMF produces glomalin related soil protein (GRSP). Acaulospora morroaiae, Glomus luteum, Glomus verruculosum, Glomus versiforme are the effective glomalin producing AMFs. Mixed primary forest, tropical rainforest, soil organic matter, clay soil, no tillage, quality and quantity of fertilizers, crop rotation, and water stable aggregates are also suitable to increase glomalin production. Glomalin is a glycoprotein that contains 30–40% carbon (C) which is assumed to be stable and persistent in soil. The glomalin can sequestrate more carbon in the soil due to its high carbon and aggregate stability. Greater aggregate stability leads to high organic carbon protection in terrestrial ecosystems. The lowest glomalin content (0.007 mg per gram soil) was found in Antarctic region, and the highest glomalin content (13.50 mg per gram soil) was observed in tropical rainforest. In agricultural soil, glomalin content varies between 0.30 and 0.70 mg per gram soil. The GRSP containing soil organic carbon (SOC) in deeper soil layers was 1.34 to 1.50 times higher than in surface layers. Glomalin can sequestrate 0.24 Mg C ha-1 in soil when present at 1.10±0.04 mg g-1. At elevated CO2 (700 µmol mol-1) level, easily extractable glomalin (EEG) and total glomalin (TG) were 2.76 and 5.67% SOC in the surface soil layer over ambient carbon dioxide (CO2) level. This finding indicates the effective function of GRSP C sequestration in soil under global environmental change scenarios. Glomalin can also protect labile carbon that can help regulating nutrient supply to the plants. No tillage practice causes higher AMF hyphal length, GRSP and water stable aggregate (WSA) compared to that of conventional tillage practice. The current review demonstrated that GRSP is an important tool for carbon storage in deep soils. Glomalin mediates soil aggregates, improves soil quality, increases carbon sequestration and crop production, and mitigates climate change.

Bu çalışmada, Niğde İli Damızlık Sığır Yetiştiricileri Birliğine üye büyükbaş hayvancılık işletmelerinden sabah ve akşam toplayarak işleme tesislerine sattığı sütün kalite değerlerinin korunmasını esas alan bir toplama ve taşıma modelini belirlemek amaçlanmıştır. Yapılan çalışma kapsamında birliğe üye 19 hayvancılık işletmesinden 12 ay boyunca ayda 2 kez çiğ süt numuneleri alınmış ve birliğin laboratuvarında teknik personellerce analizleri yapılmıştır. Analizlerde yağ, protein, yağsız kuruma madde, toplam kuru madde ve laktoz değerlerinin yanı sıra somatik hücre ve toplam bakteri sayısı ölçüm değerleri toplanmıştır. Analizler sonucunda sütler toplam bakteri yüküne göre dört farklı tipe ayrılmıştır. Hayvancılık işletmelerinin coğrafi konumları ve belirlenen süt tipine göre toplama rotaları oluşturulmuştur. Bu kapsamda önerilen model “Tank Bazında Bölünebilir Talepli Matematiksel Model” olup GAMS 23.4.3 versiyonunda CPLEX 12.1.0 Solver’ı kullanılarak çalıştırılmış ve optimum süt toplama rotaları oluşturulmuştur. Planlama 19 süt üreten büyükbaş hayvancılık işletmesinden Toplam Bakteri Sayısı esasına göre belirlenen 4 farklı tipteki sütün Toplama Merkezine belirli kısıtlar altında taşınmasını mümkün kılmaktadır. Son yıllarda yaşanan süt arzındaki artış işleme tesislerinin daha seçici davranmalarına imkân vermiştir. Bunun sonucu olarak daha temiz ve kaliteli sütü alma konusundaki kriterleri artırmıştır. Ayrıca bu işletmeler kalite değerleri yüksek süte daha fazla ücret ödemeyi de kabul etmektedirler. Niğde Damızlık Sığır Yetiştiricileri Birliği’nin işleme tesisleri ile yaptığı kalite bazlı sözleşmeler sonucu yeni toplama modellerini uygulanması zorunlu hale gelmiştir. Bundan sora yapılacak çalışmalarda hayvancılık işletmesinden alınan sütün nihai ürün olarak tüketiciye gidinceye kadarki süreçte izlenebilirliği oldukça önemli bir çalışma konusu olacaktır.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Aspergillus niger strain and inoculum level on the nutritional composition of olive leaves. The experiment had a 2×3 factorial arrangement of treatments with two A. niger strains (ATCC 200345 [A] and ATCC 9142 [B]) and three inoculum levels (104, 106, and 108). Olive leaves were milled to 2 mm and fermented in solid-state by two different A. niger strains and analysed for nutritional composition. Crude protein (CP) was increased linearly as the inoculum level increased. Ether extract (EE) and crude fiber (CF) were decreased linearly in A strain or quadratically in B strain with increased inoculum levels. Crude ash and nitrogen-free extract content did not differ among groups. Strain A increased neutral detergent fiber (NDF) at higher inoculum level, whereas NDF was decreased as inoculum level increased in B strain. The lowest acid detergent fiber (ADF) was obtained from the B strain or 106 inoculum level. The results showed that the effect of two strains on CP and ADF changed similarly with increased inoculum levels. However, two strains affected EE, CF, and NDF content differently with increased inoculum levels. The optimal situations were 108 inoculum level for higher CP, A104 or B104 for higher EE, B106 for lower CF, B106 or B108 for lower NDF, 106 inoculum level or B strain for lower ADF. B strain at 106 inoculation level can be preferred to obtain an average CP and EE content and lower CF, NDF, and ADF content.

This study aimed to investigate the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on eating habits, and lifestyles including sleeping and smoking habits, and physical activity of the Turkish population aged >15 years using a web-survey. The survey was conducted from the 5th of August to the 4th of October 2020 by using an online platform and disseminated through institutional and private social networks (Facebook and WhatsApp) and institutional mailing lists. The questionnaire consisted of demographic information, anthropometric data, changes in dietary habits, and changes in lifestyle habits. The total number of participants was 1020 in the study and 71.1% of them are female, and 80% of the participants were in the 20-59 age range. More than half of the participants (67.42%) declared that their eating habits and lifestyles changed during the Covid-19 pandemic. Most of the participants (63%) declared that there is no special food that can improve their immunity against the Covid-19. Contrary to them, most of those who added certain foods to their diets or increased the consumption of certain foods to improve the immunity (39.8%), declared that they got that information from social media such as Twitter, Facebook, and WhatsApp. In particular smoking habits did not change and sleep hours increased during the Covid-19 period. Concerning physical activity, no significant difference was found between the percentage of people before and during the Covid-19 period.

Syzygium aromaticum commonly known as Clove is considered to be the most precious spice among others, which has been continued to be utilized for centuries for different biological and therapeutic purposes. It is a tropical tree which belongs to the Myrtaceae family and natively originated from Indonesia. However, in current times it is found in a few other places of the world including Brazil. Clove is viewed as perhaps the most extravagant source of phenolic mixes, for example, eugenol, eugenol acetic acid derivatives and so on. These mixtures have incredible potential for restorative, organic and other rural applications. In this review we have tried to figure out some of the important medicinal or therapeutic as well as phytobiotic and agricultural utilizations of the products prepared from Clove. We have tried to give an extra emphasis on the application of clove as a product of herbal contraception however for this purpose dose of the extract (either aqueous or ethanolic) of clove plays the vital role in this case. Although for establishing or making clove products commercially available as a safe product for herbal contraception or other medicinal impacts, more studies are required, and it could open a new era in the field of herbal medicine that would be much safer and feasible.

With high nutritional value, goji berry is an important fruit for human nutrition and health. Goji berry cultivation is done widely in many countries, farming has become widespread in recent years in Turkey. In study grown goji berry (Lycium barbarum L.) in Turkey are determined the physical and chemical characteristics of fruit (pH, titration acidity, dry matter content, ash content, water activity (aw) value, protein content, HMF content, total phenolic content, total sugar content, reducing sugar content, sucrose content, colour values, mineral contents, organic acid contents, amino acid contents and some plant hormone content). Goji berry fruits have pH value 5.18, titration acidity value 2.16%, dry matter content 89.40%, ash content 4.30%, water activity (aw) value 0.35, protein content 13.18%, HMF content 9.38 mg/kg, total phenolic content 9.05 mg GAE/g, total sugar content 59.26%, decreasing sugar content 57.35%, sucrose content 1.90%, L* value 40.33, a* value 22.97, b* value 33.00, C* value 40.21, H° value 55.15. In addition, the mineral content, organic acid content, amino acid content and some plant hormones of goji berry fruits were determined by analysis.

This study was conducted on a total of 776 goats (part of Central highland goat breeds of Ethiopia), 306 from Boset district of Oromia region and 470 were from Minjar Shenkora district of Amhara region. A format developed by using food and agriculture organization discerption list was used for recording of morphological traits, bodyweight and linear body measurements. Both qualitative and quantitative traits were recorded from randomly sampled mature goats and the data were analyzed using SAS software. The goat type in the study area was characterized by a higher proportion of plain coat color patterns (62.5). Ingeneral, the majority (98.4%) of the studied goats were horned and characterized by backward orientation (67%) with a straight shape (49.3%). They presented a concave facial profile (73.8%), slop up toward the rump back profile (66.2%), no wattle (99.6%), no toggle (90.7%), no ruff (85.9%) and no beard (57.3%). The location had a significant effect on body weight and some other linear body measurements. Traits like body length, rump length, horn length, head length, head width and shin circumference were significantly higher in Boset district. In contrast, rump width and cannon bone length were significantly lower. The mean body weight of male goats in Boset and Minjar Shenkora district were 30.5±1.05 kg with a range of 16 to 47 and 27.5±0.56 with a range of 13 to 57, respectively. While for female counterpart mean body weights (kg) were 28.4±0.35 with a range of 17 to 45 for Boset and 27.5±0.33 with a range 15 to 57 for Minjar Shenkora district. Heart girth had the highest correlation with body weight in both sexes and shoulder width in Boset male goats. The wider variation in most quantitative measurement traits would open an opportunity for further improvement, conservation and utilization work.

Bu çalışmada; ülkemizde ve dünyada en çok kullanılan bitki besleme ve toprak düzenleyici ürünlerden biri olan humik asitin üretiminde, geleneksel karıştırma metodları yerine kaotik sistemler kullanılarak, ürün kalitesi, homojenlik, zaman ve enerji tasarrufu gibi önemli kriterler açısından karıştırıcıların verimlerini arttırmak hedeflenmiştir. Kaotik sistemlerin bu özelliklerinden yola çıkılarak deneysel çalışmalar için; tüm fonksiyonları HMI (Human Machine Interface) operatör panel tarafından kontrol edilebilen, PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) kontrollü bir karıştırıcı tasarlanarak imalatı gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu karıştırıcıda, su, leonardit ve potasyum hidroksit (KOH) karıştırılarak, sıvı humik asit elde edilmiştir. Karıştırma işlemi için literatürden farklı dinamik özelliklerde kaotik sistemler seçilmiştir. Bu kaotik sistemlerin diferansiyel denklemleri, Labview programında geliştirilen bir ara yüz programında Runge Kutta 45 (RK45) sayısal çözüm algoritmasına göre çözdürülerek her kaotik sistemin kaotik zaman serisi sonuçları elde edilmiştir. Bu sonuçlar, PLC cihazına yazılan program ile frekans verilerine dönüştürülerek frekans invertörüne bağlı karıştırıcı motorun, seçilen kaotik sistemlere göre değişken hızlarda dönmesi sağlanmıştır. Aynı karışım geleneksel yöntemlerle (sabit hız) de elde edilerek, ürün kalitesi, çözünen madde oranı, pH değerleri ve toplam enerji tüketimi açısından karşılaştırmaları yapılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre; kaotik sistemler kullanılarak yapılan karıştırmanın, ürün kalitesi, homojenlik, zaman, enerji tasarrufu gibi kriterler açısından geleneksel karıştırma yöntemlerine göre daha verimli olduğu gözlemlenmiştir.

Bu çalışma, Tokat/Erbaa ve Tokat/Kazova lokasyonlarında tarla koşullarında 2017 yılında topraktan artan dozlarda (0, 3, 6 ve 9 kg da-1) MgSO4 uygulamalarının Xanthi 81 tütün çeşidinin yaprak verimi, kalitesi ile yaprağın bazı kimyasal (Mg, S, N, K, P, nikotin, şeker, klorogenik ve rutin konsantrasyonu) içeriklerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Araştırma tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre üç tekerrürlü olarak kurulmuş olup, hasat olgunluğuna gelen yapraklar üç elde hasat edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, artan dozlarda MgSO4 uygulaması ile Erbaa ve Kazova lokasyonlarında yetiştirilen tütün çeşidinin yaprak veriminde artışlar meydana gelmiştir. Yaprak veriminde ortaya çıkan artış en fazla MgSO4’ın 6 kg da-1 dozunda görülmüş ve bu artış Erbaa lokasyonunda %22, Kazova lokasyonunda ise %6,4 düzeyinde olmuştur. Artan MgSO4 uygulamaları ile yaprak Mg ve S konsantrasyonlarında istatiksel olarak önemli artışlara neden olduğu, en fazla artışın yaprak veriminde olduğu gibi MgSO4’ın 6 kg da-1 dozunda olduğu görülmüştür. Tütün için çok önemli bir alkaloid bileşeni olan nikotin konsantrasyonu MgSO4 uygulaması ile her iki lokasyonda da azalmıştır. Sonuçlar, artan dozlarda MgSO4 uygulamalarının tütün yaprağının veriminde artışa neden olduğu, yaprak Mg ve S konsantrasyonlarında artışa, nikotin konsantrasyonlarında ise azalmaya neden olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır.