Taninler, alkaloidler, terpenoidler ve fenolik bileşikler gibi esansiyel yağlardaki farklı fitokimyasalbileşenlerin mevcudiyeti anti-bakteriyel, anti-fungal ve anti-inflamatuar etkiler göstermektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı üç bitkiye ait esansiyel yağın (Thymus vulgaris L., Centaurium erythraea Rafn. ve Foeniculum vulgare Mill) major bileşiklerinin balık hastalıkları ile mücadeledeki rolünü ortaya koymaktır. Ticari bir firmadan temin edilen esansiyel yağlara ait bileşenler GC/MS analizleriyle belirlendi. T. vulgaris’in en önemli bileşeni phenol, 2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl) olarak adlandırılan karvakroldü (%40). Diğerleri ise linalool L (%15,11) ve benzene, methyl(1-methylethyl)- (%12,12) olarak belirlendi. C. erythraea’nın en zengin esansiyel yağı %34,90 ilebicyclo [3.1.1] hept-2-ene, 2,6,6-trimethyl-, (ñ)- diğer adıyla alfa-pinendi. Diğerleri sırasıyla heptacosane (%19,15) ve dotriacontane (%17,72) olarak bulundu. F. vulgare esansiyel yağı değerlendirildiğinde ise benzene, 1-methoxy-4-(1-propenyl)- (eş anlamlısı Cis-Anethol) %67,99 en önemli bileşen olarak bulundu, onu dl-Limonene (%16,03) ve benzene, 1-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)- (%6,97) izledi. Kekiğin terapötik etkisi yüksek fenolik içeriğinden dolayıdır (özellikle karvakrol). F. vulgare esansyel yağındaki en önemli bileşenler antibakteriyel, antioksidan, antifungal ve antikanser etkileri olan anethole, fenchone ve limonene’ dir. Önceki çalışmalar gösteriyor ki alfa-pinene birçok patojenik gram negatif bakteri üzerinde inhibe edici etkiler göstermektedir. Bizim araştırmamızda bahsi geçen esansiyel yağların dominant bileşenleri, balık yetiştiriciliği ile ilgili hem in viv hemde in vitro önceki bulgularla uyumluluk arz etmektedir.

Gıda ve sağlık endüstrisi açısından karotenoid bileşenler önemli bir potansiyele sahiptir. Karotenoid bileşenler işlem ve depolama koşullarına bağlı olarak çevresel koşulların etkisiyle oksidasyona ve izomerasyona uğramaktadır. Ayrıca, sindirim sırasında gıda matriksinden tam olarak serbest kalamaması, parçalanması ve hidrofobik özellikte olması biyoyararlılığını da azaltmaktadır. Enkapsülasyon, istenmeyen çevresel koşullara karşı koruyucu fiziksel bir bariyer oluşturarak biyoaktif bileşenleri uygun kaplama materyalleri ile kaplanmasını sağlayan etkili bir işlem olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Son yıllarda karotenoidlerin dayanımını, işlenmesini ve biyoyararlığını geliştirmek için nanoteknolojinin gelişmesiyle beraber nanoenkapsülasyon teknolojisinin kullanımı giderek artmaktadır. Yapılan çalışmalar, nanoenkapsülasyonun, mikroenkapsülasyona göre daha fazla yüzey alanı sağlaması, yüksek enkapsülasyon etkinliği ve verimi, suda çözünürlüğü arttırması ve kontrollü salınımı geliştirmesi gibi özelliklere sahip olma potansiyelinin yüksek olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu derlemede, karotenoid bileşenlerin dayanımını arttırmak amacıyla kullanılan nanoenkapsülasyon tekniklerinin etkinliği ve bu alandaki son gelişmeler üzerinde durulmuştur.

Çalışma; kısa vejetasyon süresine sahip karabuğdayın Isparta koşullarında yazlık olarak farklı zamanlarda yapılan ekimi ile ilkbahar yağışlarından faydalanarak sulanmadan yetiştirilebilme olanaklarını araştırmak amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada Aktaş karabuğday çeşidi kullanılarak, 1 Mart, 10 Mart, 20 Mart, 30 Mart, 9 Nisan ve 18 Nisan (kontrol) olmak üzere 6 Ekim zamanı tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre 2015 ve 2016 yıllarında tarla çalışması olarak yürütülmüştür. 18 Nisan ekim zamanı kontrol olarak sulanmış, diğer ekim zamanlarında sulama yapılmamış, doğal yağışlara bağlı olarak yetiştirilmiştir. Denemede her iki yılda da 1 ve 10 Mart ekim zamanlarında çıkış olmuş, fakat çıkıştan sonra don zararı nedeniyle tüm bitkiler ölmüştür. Her iki yılda da (2015 ve 2016) bitki boyu, biyolojik verim ve tane verimine ekim zamanlarının etkisi istatistiksel olarak önemli olmuş ve en uzu bitki boyu sırasıyla 65,9 cm ve 60,0 cm, en yüksek biyolojik verim 427,3 kg/da ve 403,7 kg/da ve tane verimi 145,7 kg/da ve 132,8 kg/da ile 18 Nisan ekim tarihinde sulanan parsellerde belirlenmiştir. Her iki yılda da 1000 tane ağırlığı, hektolitre ağırlığı ve protein oranına ekim zamanlarının etkisi istatistiksel olarak önemsiz olmuştur. Isparta ekolojik koşullarında karabuğday ekonomik olarak ancak sulanarak yetiştirilmesi sonucuna varılmıştır.

In this study, the removal efficiency of Pb(II) from industrial leachate was investigated by using expanded perlite by adsorption. The effects of pH, contact time, and adsorbent dosage were examined on the Pb(II) removal. The adsorption kinetics were tested to understand the adsorption mechanism using three kinetic models, i.e., Elovich, intraparticle diffusion, and the pseudo second order reaction kinetic models. As the result, the best conformity kinetic model for Pb(II) adsorption on expanded perlite was described as the pseudo second-order (R2>0.99). It is indicated that chemisorption is the determining step of adsorption process rather than mass transfer from industrial leachate. According to the data obtained from intraparticle diffusion model, the adsorption is composed of more than one step. This can be attributed to the fact that the adsorption in the final portion was the intraparticle diffusion while the adsorption in the first portion was the film diffusion. Both film diffusion and intraparticle diffusion processes in the adsorption of Pb(II) on expanded perlite are significant. This study indicated that expanded perlite was an influential alternative adsorbent for the removal of Pb(II) by adsorption from industrial leachate.

Phenolic compounds which have many bioactivities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial and also inhibition of quorum sensing-regulated violacein pigment production properties are one of the plant secondary metabolites. The objective of this study was to determine the antioxidant, antimicrobial activity and the inhibition of quorum sensing (QSI) activity by the phenolic extract obtained from strawberry fruits (Fragaria×ananassa cv. ‘Rubygem’). The phenolic content of extract was determined as 3089 μg GAE g fw-1. The antioxidant activity determined through the ABTS+ and FRAP method was 28.4 and 26.2 mmol TE L-1 respectively. The phenolic extract was able to inhibit all the evaluated bacteria by the disc diffusion assay in the range of 3.12–18.36 mm and could inhibit the quorum sensing phenomena in bacteria. The strawberry phenolic extract exhibited high antioxidant capacity, antimicrobial and anti-quorum sensing properties. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the quorum sensing inhibition activity of strawberry fruit extract. The discovery of non-toxic novel compounds within antibacterial and QSI activity could lead to the development of antimicrobial therapeutic agents that can be alternative and complementary treatments against antibiotic resistant bacterial pathogens

The study investigated the effects of oregano- or red pepper-essential oil at delayed feeding (0, 24 and 48 h post-hatching) on performance and morphological development of small intestine segments. Female broilers were fed one of 3 rations including a control ration with no essential oil (CONT), the rations added with either oregano essential oil (OEO) or red pepper essential oil (RPEO) at 250 mg/kg to CONT. A total of 18 chicks from each treatment were used to measure the morphological parameters of the small intestine segments on the 14th day. Prolongation of accessing time to ration significantly decreased the body weights of broilers at 3rd, 7th and 14th d, feed intake (FI) from 4 to 7 d and improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) of broilers at the period of 4-7 d. Access to ration for 48 h post-hatching significantly decreased the body weight gains at the period of 4-7 and 7-14 d, FI from 7 to 14 d and improved FCR of broilers at the period of 7-14 d. OEO250 ration significantly increased villus height (VH) and villus surface area (VSA) of jejunum (J) and ileum (I) of broilers fed immediately and the IVH and IVSA of broiler accessed to ration for 48 h post-hatching. VH of duodenum (D), IVH and IVSA of broilers fed for 24 h post-hatching were significantly increased by RPEO250 ration. OEO250 and RPEO250 rations significantly reduced crypt depth (CD) of D and J of broiler accessed to ration for immediate and DCD of broiler fed for 24 h post-hatching. OEO250 and RPEO250 rations significantly increased IVH and IVSA and reduced DCD, JCD and ICD of broilers. In conclusion, OEO250 and RPEO250 rations affected positively VH and VSA of I and reduced CDs of small intestine segments of broilers accessed to ration at different times.

Sustainability and development of the dairy enterprises are dependent on competitiveness. Determination of the performance of the enterprises requires measurement and analyses of the financial performance of the enterprises. The ability of dairy enterprises to continue and grow is dependent on competitiveness. It requires that the financial performance of the farm enterprises be measured and analysed in order for the enterprises to be able to detect the competition power in a healthy manner. The aim of the study is to analyse the financial performance of the dairy enterprises in Konya province by determining the capital structure. Çumra, Karapınar and Ereğli districts constituted 15% of the number of bovine animals, were selected by using sampling method. The number of dairy cattle in these enterprises constituted the main frame of the population the primary data collected from 125 dairy farm enterprises with questionnaire technique through stratified sampling method with 95% confidence interval and error margin of 5%. The capital structure of the enterprises surveyed in the research area was classified according to their functions and the average active capital of the enterprises was calculated as 845,330.85$. 67.87% of the active capital is composed of land capital, 31.70% is composed of fixed enterprises capital and 0.43% is variable working capital. The economic profitability level (EP) was determined as 6.90% and the financial profitability level (FP) indicated the success of the enterprise was calculated as 7.06%. The capital turnover rate, an important indicator in the success and comparison of the enterprises, is 28.22%. As a result, their development and competitiveness are slow, because they do not use enough business and investment capital.

The role of university partners in the innovation adoption process in the implementation of agricultural extension is very necessary to get attention to realize the success of empowering rice seed farmers. The purpose of this research is (1) to know the role of universities in the process of adopting innovation in IPB 3S seedling in Aceh Province, (2) to know the perception of farmers toward the characteristics of the innovation of IPB 3S varieties, and (3) to know the role of universities in the implementation process of extension agriculture to rice seed farmers. This research uses qualitative descriptive approach with data measurement using Likert scale. The results showed that in general the universities play significant role in innovation adoption process to rice seed farmers. The role is arranged by sequence; (1) implementing cultivation skill (2) strengthening farmer institution, (3) liaison with the government (4) guidance of transfer of technology, and (5) liaison with production market. Farmers perception on the characteristics of innovation optimum production technology package (IPB-Prima) IPB 3S (1) has a relative profitability, (2) easy to try, (3) conformity, (4) observable, and (5) innovation subtly level. The role of partners in the implementation of agricultural extension in sequence (1) conformity of extension materials, (2) intensity of extension, (3) appropriateness of extension method and (4) accuracy of media usage. The university should pay attention on the mechanism of facilitating technology transfer with the use of media and appropriate extension methods to rice seed farmers. The university also should build good communication with private organizations to help farmers in terms of seed price certainty produced by rice seed farmers in Aceh Province, Indonesia.

Recently, food safety which has become one of the decisive factor in demand for all food products, is becoming a major concern due to increasing sensitivity of consumers to food production and consumption. As honey is produced and marketed on more uncontrolled conditions, which is relatively different from other agricultural products, the food safety issue is becoming more intense. In this study, it is examined what kind of applications are applied in food safety in bee products in Turkey. In the second part of the study, it is aimed to determine the importance of food safety in honey consumption of urban consumers in Niğde province based on the primary data and to put consumer's consciousness in this subject. For this purpose, it was conducted a survey by interviewing face to face with 286 consumers. In the study, besides basic statistical methods, univariate analysis of variance and factor analysis method were also used to determine the effective factors in purchasing according to income groups. As a result of the research, it was determined that there is a great lack of confidence in the quality of honey in purchasing from the market due to both the concern of sugar added fraudulent honey and residual problem by consumers. For this reason, consumers prefer to buy honey from directly producers rather than market. In addition, consumers are more likely to believe that honey is less safety than in previous years. Health consciousness is an important factor in consumers purchasing honey and health and quality consciousness develops positively especially as the income level of consumers’ increases.

In this study, biogas, compost and vermicompost plant location selection problem, and the optimal order of the facilities planned to be established are considered as a multi-criteria decision making problem. This study was carried out in order to determine the optimal suitability of biogas, compost and vermicompost (worm manure) production facilities obtained from pre-feasibility study in order to determine and evaluate the animal and slaughterhouse wastes that were exposed in Yozgat region. The facilities included in the ranking were determined within the scope of the in Pre-Feasibility and Investment Conformity Study Project for Recycling of Animal Wastes in the TR72 Region Sır. The total investment amount to be established in Yozgat province is $249.9 million and 15 biogas which can generate 69 MW / hour of electricity with an income of 149 million dollars / year. 11 compost production centres with a total investment value of $7 million and revenue of $4.4 million / year; Optimum ordering of 3 production centre facilities with a total investment value of 1.7 million dollars and a revenue of 1.9 million dollars / year and a total of 2.746 tons / year vermicompost was made. Ordering was performed using ARAS and COPRAS methods. The first three sequences proposed in the ranking of clusters of facilities that can be established are as follows; biogas clusters 8, 11 and 15; compost clusters 5, 9, 3; vermicompost sets 2, 1 and 3.