Three dimensional (3D) printing technology, have been quite popular in recent years. It came out first in the area of material production, but now, it has been applied on the other possible fields like food production. In this review, historical period of 3D printing, 3D printer types and working principles, studies on 3D food printing until today and the raw materials used in this studies were investigated. Studies on food printing was also categorised according to food types. Also, the impacts of 3D printing technology on food sector from the point of producer and consumer and future needs were discussed.

Phytophthora infestans is the most damaging agent for potato crops in the humid areas of the world, causing the disease known as ‘drop or late blight’. In vitro activity of an essential oil obtained from a wild oregano specie (Lippia origanoides) was investigated. Different concentrations of the essential oil (10, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 µg/mL) and a commercial fungicide used as control were evaluated. The antifungal activity was determined based on the assessment of mycelial growth by the agar tomato dilution method. From a concentration of 150 µg/mL the patogen’s growth was completely inhibited, therefore it was considered the lethal concentration. This study showed that essential oil of wild oregano from Alto Patía region, Cauca Department, Colombia, could be a potential antifungal agent to use in P. infestans integrated control systems. | Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary es el fitopatógeno más perjudicial de la papa (Solanum tuberosum) al causar la enfermedad conocida como ‘gota o tizón tardío’. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la actividad in vitro del aceite esencial obtenido de una especie de orégano silvestre (Lippia origanoides H.B.K.) sobre Phytophthora infestans. Para el efecto se evaluaron diferentes concentraciones de este aceite esencial (10, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 µg/ml) y de un fungicida comercial usado como testigo. La actividad antifúngica se determinó con base en la evaluación del crecimiento del micelio mediante el método de dilución en agar tomate. A partir de una concentración de aceite de 150 µg/ml se inhibió completamente el crecimiento del patógeno, por lo que ésta fue considerada como la concentración letal. Este estudio demostró que el aceite esencial de orégano silvestre del Alto Patía, Colombia, es un potencial agente antifúngico que podría ser usado en sistemas de control integrado de P. infestans.

Land use management requires controlling natural resources for sustainability. Soil erosion related to improper land use is a major issue around the world. Land degradation may harm the health of ecosystems. Defining the soil loss in a basin is the starting point in the restoration of soil quality for crop production. Reducing soil losses to a tolerable rate is one of the primary objectives for sustainability and soil conservation. Central Anatolia is under considerable risk due to an increase in the cultivation of marginal lands for food production. Cultivated lands have already been reached the final limits throughout the last 50 years. Moreover, forests and considerable areas of pasture have recently been converted to ploughed fields due to agricultural expansion. This study was conducted in the Sarısu basin to evaluate soil losses and land use management for sustainability. The Universal Soil Loss Equation model and Geographic Information System techniques were used to estimate the soil losses. The mean potential soil loss of the basin was calculated to be 1.88 t ha-1 per year with the Universal Soil Loss Equation model. These results are comparatively small when compared to the average value for Turkey of 13 t ha-1 yearly. Our calculated results are closer to the value for the Sakarya river basin, which is approximately 2.77 t ha-1 y-1. In this study, land usages in the Sarısu basin were evaluated in terms of soil losses, tolerable soil loss rates and soil conservation precautions.

En Famatina, La Rioja (Argentina) en cultivo de ajo (Allium sativum L.) en suelo franco arenoso se dispusieron melgas con los tratamientos de suelo siguientes: T1 = 2 años consecutivos sin fertilizantes ni abono después de 1 año sin cultivar; T2 = 2 años consecutivos con fertilizantes químicos (FQ) y 1 año previo con cultivo de ajo; T3 = 1 año con FQ más 23 t/ha de abono orgánico caprino precedido de un cultivo de avena (Avena sativa L.); T = 2 años consecutivos con FQ y abono caprino (23 t/ha) en suelo cultivado previamente con avena; T5 = 1 año con FQ después de 2 años cultivado con avena; T6 = 1 año con FQ y 2 años previos con cultivo de alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Se tomaron muestras de suelo a la siembra y en la cosecha hasta 80 cm de profundidad. Se empleó el análisis de componente principal (ACP) para las variables de suelo. Los contenidos de materia orgánica, NO3 -, N total, P y K fueron favorecidos por los T3 y T4 en comparación con el T2. El cultivo de alfalfa favoreció los menores valores de pH (6.2) y conductividad eléctrica (CE) asociados con valores máximos de nitratos entre 30 y 80 cm de profundidad. En esta profundidad, los T3 y T4 presentaron contenidos de nitrato similares a los de T2 y T5. En el T2, después de 2 años el pH cambió de 7.2 a 6.8, el contenido de C de 0.6 a 0.4% y aumentó la CE de 1.9 a 2.8 dS/m. | The study was carried out with garlic (Allium sativum L.) cropped in a sandy loam soil in Famatina, La Rioja Argentine. Strips of soil were used with the following soil treatments: T1, a 2-year period with no fertilizers or manure after one year without cropping; T2, a 2-year period with chemical fertilizers (CF) preceded by garlic.); T3, combined use of CF and 23 t ha-1 of goat feces for a 1-year period preceded by oats (Avena sativa L.); T4 pooled CF and 23 t ha-1 of goat feces for a 2-year period preceded by oats; T5 a 1-year period with CF came after an oat crop of two years; and T6, use of CF following a 2-year period of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Soil samples were taken at planting and at harvest from top soil to 80 cm depth . The PCA ( principal Component Analysis) was used to analyze soil variables. The levels of OM, nitrates, total N, P and K were favored at the T3 and T4 compared to T2. The alfalfa crop showed the lowest pH (6.2) and EC( electrical conductivity) levels which were associated to the highest nitrate contents between 30-80 cm depth . At this soil depth, nitrate contents of T3 and T4 were similar to that of T2 and T5. In the 2nd year of T2, pH changed (from 7.2 to 6.8) and C content (from 0.6 to 0.4 %), and EC increased (1.9 to 2.8 dS m-1).

En Famatina, La Rioja (Argentina) en cultivo de ajo (Allium sativum L.) en suelo franco arenoso se dispusieron melgas con los tratamientos de suelo siguientes: T1 = 2 años consecutivos sin fertilizantes ni abono después de 1 año sin cultivar; T2 = 2 años consecutivos con fertilizantes químicos (FQ) y 1 año previo con cultivo de ajo; T3 = 1 año con FQ más 23 t/ha de abono orgánico caprino precedido de un cultivo de avena (Avena sativa L.); T = 2 años consecutivos con FQ y abono caprino (23 t/ha) en suelo cultivado previamente con avena; T5 = 1 año con FQ después de 2 años cultivado con avena; T6 = 1 año con FQ y 2 años previos con cultivo de alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Se tomaron muestras de suelo a la siembra y en la cosecha hasta 80 cm de profundidad. Se empleó el análisis de componente principal (ACP) para las variables de suelo. Los contenidos de materia orgánica, NO3 -, N total, P y K fueron favorecidos por los T3 y T4 en comparación con el T2. El cultivo de alfalfa favoreció los menores valores de pH (6.2) y conductividad eléctrica (CE) asociados con valores máximos de nitratos entre 30 y 80 cm de profundidad. En esta profundidad, los T3 y T4 presentaron contenidos de nitrato similares a los de T2 y T5. En el T2, después de 2 años el pH cambió de 7.2 a 6.8, el contenido de C de 0.6 a 0.4% y aumentó la CE de 1.9 a 2.8 dS/m.

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with different ecological niches are widely seen in fermented meat, vegetables, dairy products and cereals as well as in fermented beverages. Lactic acid bacteria are the most important group of bacteria in dairy industry due to their probiotic characteristics and fermentation agents as starter culture. In the taxonomy of the lactic acid bacteria; by means of rep-PCR, which is the analysis of repetitive sequences that are based on 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequence, it is possible to conduct structural microbial community analyses such as Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of DNA fragments of different sizes cut with enzymes, Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) polymorphic DNA amplified randomly at low temperatures and Amplified Fragment-Length Polymorphism (AFLP)-PCR of cut genomic DNA. Besides, in the recent years, non-culture-based molecular methods such as Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE), Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE), Thermal Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (TGGE), and Fluorescence In-situ Hybridization (FISH) have replaced classical methods once used for the identification of LAB. Identification of lactic acid bacteria culture independent regardless of the method will be one of the most important methods used in the future pyrosequencing as a Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) techniques. This paper reviews molecular-method based studies conducted on the identification of LAB species in dairy products.

Aggregate stability is defined as the persistence of its particles, against destructive forces (climatic factors and anthropogenic activity). The aim of this research was to analyze the effect of fertilization on the structural stability of a soil grown with baby banana (Musa acuminata AA). This research was carried out in Manila and Asobaicotol farms (Icononzo, Tolima Department, Colombia); a randomized complete block design with four replications and eight treatments were performed; including compost, mycorrhiza, mineral fertilizers, fertilizer 17-6-18-2 (60 to 100g) and an absolute control (without fertilization). These soils performed medium aggregation (aggregated> 0.55mm) with values about 38.8%, percentage of aggregates extremes, among 40 - 50% and an aggregate stability about 80%; which allows classifying as very stable soils. The soil samples that received complete fertilization, compost + mycorrhiza and 60g of fertilizer 17-6-18-2; presented structural stability, class 3. MWD (Medium Weighted Diameter) higher values were obtained using only compost and mixed with mycorrhiza; in contrast, soils receiving mineral and chemicals fertilizers, showed poor structuring (MWD <0.5mm). Using the GMD (Geometrical Medium Diameter) more uniform values are observed than with the MWD. Finally, under all treatments, aggregates with diameter >0.75 mm did not exceed 50% and conversely, soil samples showed 20 - 30% of aggregates with diameter <0.25 mm. The results obtained allow show the positive effect of the application of compost and mycorrhiza on soil aggregation under study. | La estabilidad de agregados se define como la persistencia de sus partículas, frente a fuerzas destructivas (factores climáticos o acción antropogénica). El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar el efecto de la fertilización sobre la estabilidad estructural de un suelo cultivado con bananito (Musa acuminata AA). Esta investigación se realizó en las fincas Manila y Asobaicotol (Icononzo, Tolima); empleándose un diseño de bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones y ocho tratamientos; que incluían compost, micorrizas, fertilizantes minerales, fertilizante 17–6–18–2 (60 y 100g) y un testigo absoluto (sin fertilización). Estos suelos presentaron agregación media (agregados >0,55mm) con valores de 38,8%, porcentaje de agregados extremos entre 40 – 50% y una estabilidad de agregados del 80%; clasificándolos como suelos muy estables. Las muestras de suelo que recibieron fertilización completa, compost + micorrizas y 60g de 17–6–18–2; presentaron estabilidad estructural clase 3. Los valores más altos de DPM (Diámetro Ponderado Medio) se obtuvieron con uso de solo compost y mezclado con micorrizas; en contraste, suelos que recibieron fertilizantes minerales y químicos presentaron mala estructuración (DPM <0.5mm). Mediante el uso del DGM (Diámetro Geométrico Medio) se observan valores más uniformes que con el DPM. Finalmente, bajo todos los tratamientos, agregados con diámetro >0,75mm no superaron el 50% y por el contrario, las muestras de suelo presentaron entre 20 – 30% de agregados con diámetro <0,25mm. Los resultados obtenidos, permiten evidenciar el efecto positivo de la aplicación de compost y micorrizas sobre la agregación del suelo bajo estudio.