Information needs in buffalo production system to develop mobile apps as an extension service delivery tool were assessed and prioritized in seven distinct segments. Data were collected personally from 100 buffalo owners from Haryana and Rajasthan and mean weighted average scores were calculated and ranked. Age at puberty and maturity and identification of heat symptoms and heat detection were the two top areas under broad area of reproduction wherein majority of farmers expressed their desire to include as content in mobile app. Information on infertility and prolapse of uterus were main reproductive problems and needed information under broad area of reproductive problems. Information on characteristics of good dairy animals followed by best buffaloes suited for local conditions along with production potential were areas identified under breeding head. Respondents needed information on use of mineral mixture and computation of ration and feeding schedule as per age and stage of animal under buffalo feeding information on mastitis and control of foot and mouth disease under the disease control and control of external parasites and vaccination schedule under health management were the subareas under the head. Farmers expressed need to have information on farmers training and warning systems about diseases and weather forecasts under the broad areas of marketing and training apart from various other areas in each major segment include as content while developing the mobile app on buffalo production system.

In this study, the status of water buffalo breeding in each geographical region in Turkey was examined, and the activities of enterprises were analysed from technical and economic perspectives. Four regions and the cities in these regions where buffalo breeding was concentrated in Turkey were chosen by Purposive Sampling Method, considering the number of water buffaloes, milk production and their share in the buffalo population and buffalo milk production in Turkey. A total of 462 sample enterprises were chosen from these cities by Stratified Random Sampling Method. The research data were collected through the questionnaires administered in face-to-face interviews with the producers. The data collected reflect the buffalo production in Turkey in 2014. The study examined socio-economic structures of the enterprises, revealing their capital structures and annual economic activities. The Marmara region ranked first in the time spent in buffalo breeding (26.62 years). Gross profit income was positive in four regions. Absolute profit and relative profit indicators were negative for farms in the Black Sea region and favourable for farms in other regions. For the development and promotion of buffalo breeding, the breeders should be further educated about better breeding practices, small enterprises should be modernized and expand their operations, efforts for the betterment of breeding practices should be intensified, existing wetlands should be protected and enhanced, the production costs (feed cost etc.) should be reduced, state subsidies should be granted to real producers, the public should be educated about the high nutritional value of water buffalo meat and milk through promotional campaigns, and buffalo producers should be better organized in producer unions.

Lactation curve and persistency of the lactation are the important parameters to study the sustainability of the lactation. The present study is based on daily milk production records for 298 lactations (maximum four lactations per animal) from 130 buffaloes belonging to 15 sires. Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) programme was used to prepare the lactation curve. Two most widely applied functions to study the lactation curve in Indian buffaloes i.e. gamma and inverse polynomial functions, were fitted to the daily milk yield records of the animals under study. Persistency was studied by carrying out simple analysis through Microsoft Excel 2000 on the weekly milk yield records of the animals. Gamma function was found to be more effective with higher R sup(2) value for all the four lactations to prepare the lactation curve as compared to inverse polynomial function. The value of persistency was found to be ranging from 97.94 percent to 98.56 percent for the fourth lactation to the first lactation, respectively. So it was concluded that gamma function can be effectively used to establish lactation curve and predict milk yield of animals on any day of lactation and Surti buffaloes as fairly persistent in milk production throughout the lactations.

The present study was conducted to study the antibiogram pattern with special reference to multi drug resistant S. aureus in buffaloes of eastern plain zone of Uttar Pradesh, India. A total of 200 milk samples were collected from the buffaloes of Sultanpur and Faizabad district of U.P. and processed for isolation of Staphylococcus aureus. S. aureus was successfully isolated from 140 milk samples using Mannitol Salt Agar. Out of 140 isolates none of the S. aureus isolates from mastitic milk were 100 percent sensitive to any antibiotic. Multi Drug Resistance was observed in 100 percent buffaloes of eastern plain zone for atleast 2 drugs. Highest 133 isolates (95 percent) were resistant to Cefotaxime, 120 isolates (85.72 percent) were resistant to Ampicillin, 113 isolates (80.72 percent) were resistant to Ceftazidime-Tazobactam, 27 isolates (18.58 percent) showed resistance against Gentamicin and Methicillin, 33 isolates (23.58 percent) showed resistance against Cloxacillin followed by Tetracycline where 20 isolates (14.28 percent) showed only resistance. Least resistance (33 isolates, 9.29 percent) was exhibited for cloxacillin, that proved to be the most effective antibiotic. Among the 140 S. aureus isolated from mastitic milk, 27 isolates (19.28 percent) exhibited resistance against 2 antibiotics, 20 (14.28 percent) isolates were resistance to 3 antibiotics, 33 isolates (23.58 percent) were resistant to 4 antibiotics. 40 (28.57 percent) isolates were resistant to 5 antibiotics. Seven (5 percent) isolates each were resistant to 6 and 7 antibiotics. 6 isolates (4.28 percent) were resistant to maximum 8 antibiotics On antibiogram mapping it was found that, the most effective antibiotic against S. aureus in this region in subclinical mastitis was Ofloxacin followed by Tetracycline, Methicillin and Gentamicin.

This study was undertaken to investigate the effectiveness of polypropylene mesh (PPM) for the repair of external abdominal hernias in buffaloes. PPM was used for the repair of external abdominal hernias in ten Jaffarabadi buffaloes having mean weight of 388.5 kg and mean hernial ring size of 117.279 cm2. Clinical, hematological, biochemical and erythrocytic antioxidants parameters were evaluated before and on post-implantation days 7 and 15 to assess efficacy of the repair. With the exception of one case, healing was uneventful. Hematological, biochemical and erythrocytic antioxidants findings were unremarkable. Polypropylene mesh shows excellent repair efficiency for external abdominal hernia repair in buffaloes without serious complications.

Buffaloes were screened for theileriosis by routine microscopic examination and also subjected for characterisation by PCR technique. Blood samples were collected from lactating buffaloes in post partum period from endemic areas of Athagarh block of Cuttack district, Odisha, India. Genomic DNA of Theileria piroplasm was isolated and genus specific primers were used for amplification of small subunit ribosomal RNA sequences. The amplified PCR products of Theileria spp. were sequenced. Out of 86 cases examined, 21 and 31 samples were found positive by Giemsa stained blood smear method and PCR technique respectively. The PCR product was sequenced and analysed for homology. The identified nucleotide sequence had close sequence homology with Theileria orientalis and Theileria buffeli. These findings also support the fact that 18S small subunit rRNA gene is hyper variable among the species. The nucleotide sequence was submitted to NCBI and a new accession number (MN262069) was assigned.

This study focused on finding the critical controlling points in the swamp buffalo milking and storage processes in an intensive farm setting over a 12 months period (between June 2018 and July 2019). The raw milk and pasteurized milk samples were randomly collected once a month for laboratory testing by standard plate count (SPC) and total coliform count (TCC). The model for the investigation and implementation of this study was taken from the dairy cattle industry-which involves similar, though not identical, problems and issues. The first phase of this study was the problem finding phase. The collected raw milk samples showed that both the SPC and the TCC were higher than standard values and both contained environmental bacterial contamination. Escherichia coli contamination was found to be caused by improper hygienic conditions i.e. poor personal hygiene, inadequate techniques and procedures to clean and disinfect the milking equipment and milking area or from after milking issues such as high temperatures during milk storage and transportation. In the problem solving phase, protocols of good hygiene throughout the milking process were suggested and implemented. The collected raw milk and pasteurized milk samples for SPC and TCC decreased to the standard values after hygienic improvements were implemented. The hygiene of the milk workers (such as the hand washing), the lack of staff duty separation and the failure to properly regulate the temperature during, and duration of, the raw milk storage were found to be the critical controlling points of this study. In the follow up phase, the SPC and TCC of the raw and pasteurized milk tested in the standard value range throughout the monitoring period. Our finding suggested that client education and monitoring at least once a month might be necessary in swamp buffalo dairy farms in order to ensure good practices in the milking process. This study could provide guidelines for the development of a hygienic swamp buffalo milk production protocols for private and government farms and as a prototype for future developments in this industry.

The aim of experiment was to evaluate whether biostimulation by mature intact bull to anoestrus buffalo alters breeding performance associated with CIDR based oestrus synchronization protocol during low breeding season. Anoestrus buffalo that had calved 170.0+-10.6 (132 to 208) days before the start of the trial, were either exposed to bull (n=30, BE) or not exposed to bull (n=10, BN) for 12 days after CIDR placement (day 0). Animals received PGF 2 alpha on day 9, CIDR was removed on day 10 and Timed AI (TAI) was performed with frozen thawed semen at 48 and 60 h after CIDR removal. Buffalo were observed for oestrus detection twice daily for three days after CIDR removal. Blood sampling was done on day 9, 12 and 20 of the experiment to monitor the progesterone and cortisol levels (5 per group). Pregnancy test was done 60 days after insemination. Oestrus expression was noted in 68.97 percent (BE) and 60 percent (BN) animals (P GT 0.05). Progesterone rise above 1 ng/ml on day 20 was recorded in 4/5 (80 percent) in BE group and 2/5 (40 percent) in BN group (P GT 0.05). Conception rate was 37.9 percent (11/29) and 30 percent, (3/10) in BE and BN groups respectively (P GT 0.05). It is concluded that CIDR and fixed time artificial insemination can be used to overcome partially the problem of anoestrus and seasonality in buffalo. However, biostimulation in CIDR treated anoestrus buffalo did not increase the number of ovulating/oestrus buffalo during low breeding season probably due to a shorter exposure period (only 12 days) to bull.

Out of the 290 uterine torsion affected buffaloes presented to the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex Hospital, GADVASU, Ludhiana, gestation period was complete in 88.6 percent buffaloes and its most (66.2 percent) frequent occurrence was observed second to fourth parity. Most of the uterine torsion were post cervical (95.1 percent), on right side (93.4 percent), of GT 180 deg (82 percent) and presented within 36 h from the occurrence of uterine torsion. Sharma's modified Schaffer's method was attempted to detort 87.9 percent uterine torsion affected buffaloes. There were no significant (P GT 0.05) association of successful detorsion with gestation period, parity, side of torsion, position of torsion and degree of torsion. However, the duration of torsion were significantly (P LT 0.05) associated with successful detorsions. The overall survival rate of uterine torsion affected buffaloes presented at TVCC hospital was 63.4 percent, whereas the survival rate among the successfully detorted buffaloes was about 91 percent. The survival rate of the calves delivered was 18.96 percent and most (59.9 percent) of calves delivered were male. Calf survival and dam survival rate decreased with increase in duration of occurrence. The future fertility decreased with increase in duration of torsion. It is concluded that the increased duration from the occurrence of uterine torsion to its treatment decreases the chances of successful detorsion, dam survival and calf survival.

In order to evaluate and compare the properties of type traits in Khuzestani and Azeri river buffaloes, 148 and 336 Khuzestani and Azeri buffaloes were used, respectively. Animals were evaluated for traits such as Height at Withers, Body depth, Body length, Heart girth, Hip width, Pin width and Hip to Pin length. The averages for these traits in Khuzestani breed were 145.2+-6.63, 78.27+-5.43, 140.5+-10.05, 208.87+-13.75, 57+-4.44, 25.29+-3.03 and 44+-2.97 cm and in Azeri breed were 138.93+-6.39, 76.4+-5.61, 136.22+-10.05, 184+-13.66, 54.96+-4.85, 26.43+-3.94 and 43.8+-3.44 cm, respectively. The effect of breed on height at withers, heart girth and hip width was quite significant (P LT 0.001) and values for these traits in Khuzestani breed was higher than Azeri. The effect of parity number for all studied traits was significant (P LT 0.001), except for the heart girth. Heifers had the lowest values among different age groups and differences in this group increased with increasing age and parity. Also, the effects of province as a factor for climate and culture circumstances on studied traits was quite significant (P LT 0.001), except for the heart girth and hip to Pin length. Buffaloes in Guilan province had lowest and buffaloes in Khuzestan and Kermanshah provinces had the highest values.