ABSTRACT Biological aspects and predatory capacity of Doru luteipes was assessed as a function of predation on Spodoptera frugiperda. The experiment was conducted under laboratory conditions of mean temperature of 25 ± 1 °C, relative humidity of 70 ± 10%, and 12:12 h (Light: Dark) photoperiod. To evaluate the biological parameters of D. luteipes, artificial diet, eggs and caterpillar (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th or 6th instars) of S. frugiperda were supplied. The completely randomized statistical design was used, with 10 replicates for each treatment. The nymphs (1st, 2nd and 3rd instars) and adult males and females of D. luteipes were individualized in Petri dish (9 cm diameter), with artificial diet as standard food (control). Nymphs of the 1st and 3rd instars of the predator lasted 4.5 and 6.9, days respectively, but they perished. The survival of D. luteipes is high, but there was variation when consuming the different instars of the caterpillar of S. frugiperda. Adults of D. luteipes did not consume caterpillars of the 4th, 5th and 6th instars of the prey. There was a significant difference for the feeding of D. luteipes with artificial diet, eggs and caterpillar of S. frugiperda with respect to the parameters number of eggs and preoviposition. Higher consumption of male and female D. luteipes occurs when they are fed with prey eggs.

ABSTRACT Pochonia chlamydosporia (Pc) is a nematophagous fungus with saprotrophic activity. However, little is known about the interaction between Pc and green manure. This study aimed to investigate the interaction effects of different green manures and Pc on the control of Meloidogyne javanica in soybean. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted in different periods using a 6 × 2 factorial design, with six replicates. The first factor was green manure application (oat, brachiaria, crotalaria, millet, buckwheat, and untreated control) and the second factor was treatment with Pc (in-furrow application and untreated control). Cover crops were grown separately and applied to pots as green manure 15 days before soybean sowing. At 5 days after sowing, soybean was inoculated with 2 000 eggs and juveniles of M. javanica. At 60 days after inoculation, nematode and vegetative variables were determined. All green manures reduced nematode population levels, especially oat, crotalaria, and buckwheat. Pc treatment did not influence nematode population levels. Soybean plants treated with oat or crotalaria green manure had greater height than untreated plants in both experiments. The effects of factors on shoot fresh and dry weights differed between experiments, and green manure application did not affect root development. The findings confirmed the potential of plant residues to control M. javanica.

ABSTRACT For natural enemies to be effectively used in pest control programs, it is important to understand the basic and applied ecology of an agroecosystem, such as guava orchards in semi-arid regions. We identified the parasitoids associated with the guava psyllid, Triozoida limbata (Enderlein 1918) (Hemiptera: Triozidae), as well as the rates of natural parasitism that occur in a semi-arid region of Minas Gerais State, Brazil. About 130 terminal branches with four leaves fully open and with signs and/or presence of the psyllid were collected from a commercial guava orchard and brought to the laboratory. The material was stored under controlled conditions until the parasitoids emerged. The parasitoids were counted and fixed in 70% ethanol for species identification. In total, 9,897 individuals of T. limbata (adults and immature) and 603 parasitoids were found. The primary parasitoid, Psyllaephagus trioziphagus (Howard, 1885) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), was associated with the guava psyllid, with 4.88% parasitism. Secondary parasitoids Signiphora Ashmead, 1880 (Hymenoptera: Signiphoridae), Aprostocetus Westwood, 1833, and Tetrastichus Haliday, 1844 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) were also identified.

ABSTRACT One of the major ecosystem services delivered to agriculture worldwide is the reduction of pests by natural enemies. However, the landscape composition affects multiple dimensions of pest control, and non-crop habitat surrounding farm fields shows variable responses across geographies. Here, crop damage and pest abundance were compared between local farms with two antagonistic land cover and land use aspects (1- High conservation, landscape with high structural complexity; 2- High degradation, landscapes with low complexity). The field data were collected at experimental guava orchards in the Cariri Paraibano, one of the driest regions in the Brazilian Caatinga. The results show that damage caused by orthopterans and their abundance was significantly smaller in the landscape with high structural complexity. Therefore, the results support the hypothesis that crop damage and pest abundance are smaller in landscapes with high structural complexity. Additionally, the results are very important for the dryland regions as they provide information about the relationship between landscape structure and crop damage plus pest abundance in a regional gap. As drylands are critically endangered in all American continents, sustainable agricultural landscapes with the application of natural cover restoration can help drylands to achieve sustainable development.

ABSTRACT Seed treatment with fungi of the genus Trichoderma spp. provides several benefits, including plant growth promotion, stress tolerance, and pathogenic fungi control. Moreover, to avoid inadequate doses and unnecessary costs, these treatments must be applied in proper amounts. However, no study has evaluated their applicability in wheat seeds. This study aimed to determine the most efficient dose of Trichoderma-based products applied as a seed treatment for improving the physiological and sanitary quality of the wheat cultivars TBIO ‘Toruk’ and TBIO ‘Sossego’, besides comparing the performance of biological and chemical agents. Two biological treatments (Trichoderma asperellum SF 04 and Trichoderma harzianum IBLF006) were applied at 0 (control), 5 × 10 11 , 1 × 10 12 , 1.5 × 10 12 , and 2 × 10 12 colony-forming units (CFU) 100 kg–1 seed. Two chemical treatments (carboxin + thiram and pyraclostrobin + thiophanate-methyl + fipronil) were applied at the manufacturers’ recommended doses. Seed germination, shoot and root lengths, seedling dry matter, and sanitary quality were analyzed under laboratory conditions, while seedling emergence, shoot length, and shoot dry matter were analyzed under greenhouse conditions. The optimal dose for wheat seed treatment with T. asperellum SF 04 and T. harzianum IBLF006 was 2 × 10 12 CFU 100 kg–1 seed. When comparing biological and chemical products, our findings indicate that both options are adequate for managing wheat diseases and providing seedling growth via seed treatment.