Este es el documento EDIS FE073, una publicación del Department of Food and Resource Economics, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. Publicada Noviembre 2002.

Este es el documento EDIS FE068, una publicación del Department of Food and Resource Economics, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. Publicada Noviembre 2002.

Este es el documento EDIS FE073, una publicación del Department of Food and Resource Economics, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. Publicada Noviembre 2002.

Este es el documento EDIS FE068, una publicación del Department of Food and Resource Economics, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. Publicada Noviembre 2002.

Este es el documento EDIS FE073, una publicación del Department of Food and Resource Economics, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. Publicada Noviembre 2002.

In Mexico, water resources, apart from being limited, are badly distributed; on the coastal plain, with the exception of the Peninsula of Baja California and Sonora, there is an abundance of water, while in the rest of the country, it is scarce. With the transfer of the large irrigation districts to user organizations, it was intended that these districts become operationally and economically efficient organizations. In this way, decision-making passed from global planning, which covered an entire irrigation district, to fractioned planning, in which a small irrigation module is responsible for the administration of the water resource. Undoubtedly, the scarceness of this resource, together with the high demand of the agricultural sector and the low fees, is producing pressure for a change in the policies for management of this resource. In the management of the sources, it is not convenient to extract more water from the reservoirs than the average available volume; an additional volume generates less benefit, both economically and operationally, than what would be generated if it were stored for a dry year. In the case of the network, the deteriorated state of the infrastructure propitiates losses by leakage, infiltration in unlined ditches and inefficient water control in the channels. In the case of water management in the field delivery network, it is necessary to define actions to encourage the volumetric quotas and, in this aspect, the support of the government is essential; this means "political will," which could permit a considerable increase in the availability of water and, as a consequence, higher productivity of soil and water resources, as well as increased agricultural production and better incomes for the producers.

O manejo adequado de um sistema de irrigação deverá ser capaz de propiciar ao agricultor o uso eficiente da água, para aumentar a produtividade das culturas, reduzir os custos de produção e, conseqüentemente, maximizar o retorno dos investimentos. Técnicas eficientes de aplicação de água constituem condições essenciais para o desenvolvimento agrícola sustentado, baseado na economia do recurso hídrico e na preservação ambiental. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a redução da receita líquida decorrente da aplicação deficiente ou excessiva de água, a influência da uniformidade de distribuição de água sobre a lâmina ótima econômica que maximiza a receita líquida e prever a operação otimizada de sistemas de irrigação por aspersão. A minimização das perdas econômicas, ou redução da receita líquida, está relacionada à uniformidade de distribuição de água pelo sistema, ao preço do produto e ao custo da irrigação. Sistemas de irrigação que não apresentam boa uniformidade de distribuição de água não são apropriados quando o objetivo é o máximo retorno econômico. A operação ótima dos sistemas de irrigação baseada nas estratégias de otimização econômica para maximização da receita líquida, proporciona níveis adequados de eficiência de aplicação, eficiência de armazenamento e área adequadamente irrigada. A uniformidade de distribuição, o custo da água e o valor pago pelo produto, são fatores determinantes para a otimização de sistemas de irrigação, quando o objetivo é a maximização da receita líquida e a economia do recurso hídrico.<br>Efficient water use can be achieved by appropriate water management. This leads to higher yield, reduced production costs and ultimately, maximum investment returns. Furthermore, the use of efficient water management and application techniques are essential for sustainable agricultural development and a rational use of the natural resources. The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate the reduction of the net revenue due to deficient or excessive water application. Determining the effects of uniformity of water distribution on the irrigation depth that maximizes returns and providing the necessary information to optimize the operation of sprinkler irrigation systems were also part of the objectives. The results show that minimization of revenue losses depends on the uniformity of water distribution of the irrigation system, the commodity price and the irrigation costs. Hence, irrigation systems with uneven water distribution are not appropriate for maximization of economic returns. The best operation of irrigation systems, determined from optimization strategies to maximize net profits, consisted of improved water application efficiency, high water storage efficiency and the area being adequately irrigated. When maximization of net revenue is the objective function, the uniformity of water distribution, the cost of the applied water and the commodity price are the decisive factors for the optimization of irrigation systems.

Lipid oxidation is the major form of deterioration in foods because it decreases food quality and nutritional value, and may have negative health implications. However, variables affecting lipid oxidation in heterophasic lipid systems are scarcely known, and they are of particular interest in the case on oil-in-water emulsions since these lipid systems constitute a large number of foods, e.g., milks, creams, mayonnaise’s, soups and sauces. In this paper, the present state of the art on lipid oxidation in oil-in-water emulsions is revised, including description of the variables specifically involved in oxidation of these lipid systems (pH, presence of interface, partition of reactants and products, interaction with other components) as well as those affecting lipid oxidation in general but showing particular characteristics in their action in emulsions (oxygen, unsaturation degree, presence of antioxidants and prooxidants). | La oxidación lipídica es la alteración más importante que ocurre en los alimentos porque disminuye su calidad y valor nutritivo, y puede tener consecuencias negativas para la salud. Sin embargo, las variables que afectan a la oxidación en sistemas lipídicos heterofásicos son poco conocidas y, en particular, poseen gran interés en el caso de las emulsiones aceite en agua ya que estos sistemas lipídicos constituyen un elevado número de alimentos, por ejemplo, leches, natas, mayonesas, sopas y salsas. En este trabajo, se revisa la situación actual del conocimiento sobre oxidación en emulsiones aceite en agua, incluyendo la descripción de las variables implicadas específicamente en la oxidación de estos sistemas (pH, presencia de la interfase, partición de reactivos y productos, interacciones con otros componentes) así como de las variables que afectan a la oxidación de los lípidos en general pero cuya acción en emulsiones presenta características particulares (oxígeno, grado de insaturación, presencia de antioxidantes y prooxidantes).