Clonal propagation of oil palm through tissue culture
1999
Wong, G. | Tan, C.C. | Soh, A.C. | Chong, S.P. (Applied Agricultural Research Sdn Bhd, Locked Bag No 212, Sungei Buloh Post Office, 47000 Sungei Buloh, Selangor (Malaysia))
The status of the oil palm tissue culture process with respect to large scale production and floral abnormalities observed in field planted clones are discussed. Production rates at callus induction and differentiation stages using pinnal segments from young spear leaves as explants and embryoid proliferation and germination stages are low, unpredictable, and variable. All the 128 six-year-old ortets cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) media incorporated with auxins (growth regulators) gave calluses at an average rate of 19 per cent at 12 months from inoculation. Eighty-four per cent of the palms were embryogenic at a rate of about 4 per cent. The embryoids were subcultured on MS media + auxin at reduced concentration to minimise the risk of somaclonal variation. Fifty-three per cent of the embryoid lines continued to proliferate, 17 per cent died off ater 3-4 subcultures; and 30 per cent would "should to death" after 6-7 subcultures at two-monthly intervals. Rates of embryoid proliferation and germination varied among the embryoid line within and between clones. Embryoid proliferation predominated over embryoid germination at subculture 1-4, with 5-10 per cent of the polyembryogenic cultures sprouting shoots. Prcentage of polyembryogenic cultures forming shoots increased with increase in subculture number. For large scale production of oil palm clones, a continuous supply of embryoids for shoot production is critical. Between 1991 to 1998, clones from our laboratory for evaluation of clonal performance and fidelity have been planted over 2 373ha. Floral census of more than 68 000 ramets at the fruiting stage showed 7.1 per cent with mantled fruit bunches. Sixty out of 103 clones were affected. Fruit mantling occured sporadically within and between clones. So far, matled clones could not be detected in the lab and nursery.
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