Occurrence and effectiveness of some predatory bugs (Heteroptera) in apple orchards | [Présence et efficacité de quelques punaises prédatrices (Heteroptera) en verger de pommiers]
1999
Niemczyk, E. ((Research Institute of Pomology and Floriculture, Skierniewice (Pologne)))
Order Heteroptera consists mainly of phytophagous species. However many of them are also zoophages, zoophytophages or phytozoophages. Most of the predaceous bugs are typical general predators. However some bugs are also associated with some groups of insects and mites. Predaceous bugs occurring in orchards belong mainly to the two families: Miridae and Anthocoridae. The other three families: Nabidae, Reduvidae and Pentatomidae are represented by lower number of species and specimens. Majority of Mirids are most abundant in old, unsprayed and neglected apple orchards, where they usually consist about 90/ of all predatory insects. Predaceous Heteroptera are absent or occur only sporadically in the commercial orchards sprayed often with broad spectrum of insecticides. In some IPM apple orchards few species of the predatory bugs (mainly Anthocoris spp., Orius spp., Malacocoris chlorizans Pz., Blepharidopterus angulatus (Fall.), Pilophorus perplexus (Dgl.-Sc.)) may occur in relatively high numbers. Predatory bugs prefer to feed on the small-sized preys with soft epidermis and occurring in higher density. In apple orchards such preys are mainly spider mites, aphids and apple suckers. Predatory bugs should be mainly considered as general predators, which may occur also in low numbers in the apple orchards slightly infested with pests on which they prey
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