Intestinal microbial populations in swine and poultry: pre-and pro-biotic effects in animal performance and human food safety
Patterson, J.A. (Purdue Univ., W. Lafayette, IN (USA). Dept. of Animal Sciences)
The intestine microbiota, epithelium and immune system provide resistance to colonization by enteric pathogens. Recent data suggests that resistance is not due solely to the sum of the systems, but that cross-talk between these systems is also involved in modulating resistance to enteric pathogens in livestock and in humans. Mechanisms by which the indigenous intestinal bacteria inhibit pathogens include: competition for intestinal colonization sites, competition for nutrients, production of toxic compounds and stimulation of the immune system. These mechanisms are not mutually exclusive and inhibition may comprise one, several, or all of these mechanisms. Lactic acid bacteria and certain other microorganisms have been shown to increase resistance to enteric disease, especially when disease resistance is low. Feeding of certain small molecular weight oligosaccharides has also been shown to improve animal health and performance. These oligosaccharides are not digested by mammalian enzymes and reach the lower intestine, where they selectively enrich for specific bacterial populations, or alter bacterial activities. Growth promotant antibiotics have been increasingly used in intensive livestock systems to enhance animal performance over the last 50 years. However, the widespread use and abuse of antibiotics usage in the human, livestock and pet arenas has lead to bacterial pathogens that are developing resistance to single, and more importantly, multiple antibiotics. Mounting public and governmental pressure to eliminate utilization of growth promotant antibiotics in livestock is providing impetus for the development of alternatives to growth promotant antibiotics, such as feeding of prebiotics, probiotics and their combinations (symbiotics)
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