System of Rice Intensification (SRI): evaluation of seedling age and selected component in Indonesia
2002
Makarim, A.K. | Balasubramanian, V. | Zaini, Z. | Syamsiah, I. | Diratmadja, I.G.P.A. | Handoko | Arafah | Wardana, I.P. | Gani, A.
The five major components of the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) are (1) the use of young seedling at the 2-leaf stage (8-15 days) with one seedling per hill, (2) wide spacing (0.25 x 0.25 m to 0.5 x 0.5 m), (3) a minimum of three weedings at 10-12, 22-25, and 40-42 days after transplanting, (4) intermittent drainage and drying for soil aeration during the vegetative stage, and (5) the addition of organic matter (manure and/or compost) to supply adequate nutrients. As a package, SRI is reported to produce substantial (50% to 200%) increases in grain yield through the mutual interaction of all these components. However, information and data are scarce on the relative contribution of individual components to yield formation. This paper provides on-farm experimental data and information from Indonesia on the interaction between seedling age and number of seedlings per hill, plant spacing, rates and types of organic matter addition, and intermittent irrigation. In each on-farm trial, two to three components were tested, keeping all other components constant. Continuous irrigation was used in all trials except the one in South Sulawesi that evaluated continuous and intermittent irrigation, Farmer cooperators and local researchers jointly managed these trials and evaluated the results. At 1 seedling hill-1, 15-d-old seedlings produced significantly higher yield (6.43 t ha-1) than the farmers' practice of using 21-d-old seedlings (5.96 t ha-1) in Pasar Miring village of North Sumatra. However, yields were similar for both age groups when the number of seedlings increased to 2 and 4 hil-1. In Mattoangin village, South Sulawesi, dibbling pregerminated seed at 1 seed hill-1 produced a grain yield of 6.19 t ha-1 vis-a-vis 7.11 t ha-1 for 15-d-old seedlings and 6.13 t ha-1 for 21-d-old seedlings in the transplanting system with a single seedling per hill. This indicates that direct wet seeding with 1 seed hole-1 cannot replace transplanting with 15-d-old seedlings at 1 seedling hill-1. The performance of 15-d-old seedlings improved more than that of 21-d-old seedlings with the addition of well-decomposed organic matter at 2 t ha-1 and with intermittent irrigation however, the addition of poorly decomposed organic matter adversely affects young seedlings more than older ones. Indonesian farmer-cooperators' reactions to the transplanting of young seedlings at 1 hill-1 and their effect on the adoption of this practice are discussed.
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