Survey of reproduction methods and mass-rearing of the minute pirate bug Orius spp. , (Hem.: Anthocoridae) and application of them in order to control Thrips on onion and ornamental plants in the integrated pests management(IPM).

The Anthocoridae family is one of the important of natural enemies to several pests in agriculture. The Orius genous contain several species, which of them Orius albidipennis (Reuter) and O. niger are dominant in Iran. These predators specially feed of onion Thrips, Thrips tabaci L. that is the most important pest onion field and greenhouse plants. O albidipennis is multivultian and does not have dipuse obligatory. This study conducted in a controlled environmental chamber: 25±1 °C, 65±5 % RH, and 16:8 photoperiod. The different parameter of life history of and mass rearing of the O albidipennis species were study using Petri dish, plastic bottle, and cages. To rearing the predator we used Ephestia kuehniella Zell. as host. Corn pollen was also added to foodand been pod and pelargonium leaves were used as egg position substrates. The predator bugs put their eggs in cluster or individually in substrates. Since the development of egg is about 3 days, the substrates with eggs were replaced in a rearing room after this time. The bugs have five different nymphet stages in 13 to 15 days. The longevity of female bugs was about 14-16 days, while for males was 9-12 days. Pre-ovipositoin period of the female were about 3 to 4 days. If the females feed from the host eggs and the pollen they will oviposite 82. 3 eggs and longevity will be 15. 5. Whereas, if they feed only from the pollen, they will oviposite less eggs (27. 5) and live shorter 13. 4. Therefore, to rear them in a mass production system a combination of the hosts egg and pollen should be considered. The bugs feed on average about 35. 5 of E. kuehniella eggs. In a mass rearing, the mortality might be 20 to 30 % during the developmental time. To maintain a mass production renewing the egg laying substrate, diet, and cleaning the rearing stuff, as well as an optimum of humidity and temperature should be provided. More over to prevent the cannibalism between nymphs a kind of papers should be used. One of the most important pests of carnation (Dinthus caryophyllus L. ) is Thrips tabaci L. The most active natural enemies of this pest are predator bugs. In this study Orius albidipennis (Reuter) was held in controlled environmental chamber temperature. Adult bugs were released weekly and were used for control of Carnation Thrips. Treatments: Release of 3 bugs per 1 plant of Carnation and release of 8 bugs per 1m2 (that contains 9 plants with 25cm distance), solution spray Deltamethrin (whit 0. 5 ml/liter), Fenpropathrin (whit 2 ml/liter), soil drench of Imidacloprid (with 0. 009 ai gr/pot), sticky yellow card, sticky blue card and control were compared in 2002- 2003. The experiment was performed in completely randomized design replication. Real mortality (MR) percentage was counted in 1st, 3rd, 7th, 14th and 21st days after had been treated. Results of analysis of variance showed significantly different (ل=5). So Duncan's multiple ranges used to compare treatments means. Results showed that deltamethrin with 93. 93% MR have the most mortality and Imidacloprid, release of (3bugs/1plant), release of (8bugs/1m2), yellow card and blue card have 90. 52, 87. 31, 80. 47, 69. 84 and 63. 51 %MR respectively on 21st day. Then an experiment was performed in randomized complete blocked design with 5 treatment, 4 replication and each plot contained 20 plants. Belgian carnation greenhouse during 2nd year in 2003-2004. Treatments were consist of: 1- chemical method, spray by Deltamethrin with 0. 5 ml/liter concentration after 1 month infestation of plants by Thrips2- integrated method, spray by Deltamethrin whit 0. 5 ml/liter concentration synchronous in chemical method then predator bugs, O. albidipennis (Reuter) released amounting to 3 bugs per 1plant 7th day after spraying and continued this method for 3 week3- biological method, predator bugs released 3 bugs per 1shrub to gather with integrated method and continued for 3 week4- water spray treatment and 5- control, without water spray. Number of Thrips per flower and real mortality percentage (MR%) of them were counted a day before, and in 6th 13th 20th and 34th days after spraying. Finally, integrated treatment with 99. 22% had the highest effect on mortality of Thrips and showed significant difference compared to biological control treatment with 81. 07 %MR and chemical control treatment with 70. 50 %MR in 34th day. Therefore, based on above results, integrated method is the best method for control of onion Thrips in greenhouse conditions and recommend to floriculturists. Four species of Orius were found in Azerbaijan Sharghi: O. niger, O. albidipennis, O. horvathi, and Orius sp, near minotus L. To evaluate the efficiency of the dominate species (O. niger) in a field condition, an experiment was conducted with four different treatments: (1) using the adults bugs, (2) using substrate with eggs (3) using insecticide (Andosolphan), and (4) control. The predatory bugs and eggs were introduced to the field each 5 to 7 days from July. And the insecticide was applied twice. The results show a mean of 23. 86 Thrips for treatment 1, 42. 23 for 2, 17. 25 for 3, and 26. 22 for 4, on each onion plant. Statistical analysis with ANOVA showed significant differences between treatments. The mean differences, with the Dancan method, showed that the treatment 1 and 2 and control made one group and were different from the insecticide treatment. Therefore, the results revealed that these bugs can not establish a good population under field condition over there. The reasons might be: undesirable microclimate conditions in onion field in the beginning of cultivation period, lack of shelter, deficient of pollen, which lead the bugs, emigrate from onion fields to the neighboring/desirable fields. Therefore, a consideration is needed to use this predator under those conditions.