Distribution and introduction of harmful dinoflagellates
2007
Iwataki, M.(Nagasaki Univ. (Japan). Inst. for East China Sea Research) | Matsuoka, K.
New records of phytoplankton, especially harmful species, in many marine areas have been reported worldwide, and in many of these were often supposed to be due to the artificial transfer of organisms via ship ballast waters and from finfish and shellfish cultures. The presence of motile cells and cysts of phytoplankton in ballast water strongly supports the hypothesis of artificial introduction. However, recent introduction is difficult to demonstrate based only on their morphological comparisons of phytoplankton species such as diatoms, dinoflagellates and raphidophytes, because previous distributions of almost all these organisms have not been elucidated, even in well-investigated harmful species that can cause damage to fisheries activities. On the other hand, DNA sequence data, which can differentiate populations in the species, have been accumulated for some harmful dinoflagellates and the recent transfers identified by these methods have been discussed. In the present paper, we summarize the present status of knowledge concerning the distribution and introduction of the harmful dinoflagellates, Alexandrium spp., Gymnodinium catenatum, Heterocapsa circularisquama and Cochlodinium polykrikoides, based mainly on the phylogenetic studies to detect intraspecific relationships and the presence of resting cysts.
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