Biotransformation of xenobiotics and their interference with cell cycle
Kovalkovicova, N.(Univerzita veterinarskeho lekarstva, Kosice (Slovak Republic) | Sutiakova, I. | Legath, J. | Pistl, J. | Sutiak, V.
Each year there are a lot of new chemical substances introduced into practice and besides their toxic effects, the effects that are not manifested immediately, but may end in permanent changes of the genetic material should be studied. Genetic information of the cell, encoded in the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) by nucleotide sequences, is very sensitive target for the effect of many chemical substances, generally called mutagens or chemomutagens. Reaction of xenobiotic with DNA components leads to damage of the bases, cross reactions or breaks of DNA fibre, and also DNA damage alone. As DNA contains excess of nucleophilic atoms - especially carbon, nitrogen and oxygen, may be easily attacked by electophilic compounds, especially by industrial intermediates or substances that are changed into electrophilic metabolites during biotransformation in the human and animal organism. Other substances may damage DNA by the formation of reactive oxygen radicals. The interference with genetic information, whether on the level of gene, chromosome structure or number, is manifested by protheosynthesis disorder, having usually harmful effect for cell. Manifestations of genetic material damage include acute toxicity, the influence on reproduction, congenital defects and also hereditary, cancerogenic, autoimmune and some degenerative diseases.
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