Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
2012
Klionsky , Daniel J (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor(Etats-Unis). Life Sciences Institute) | Abdalla , Fabio C. (Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Sao Carlos(Brésil). Laboratory of Structural and Functional Biology) | Abeliovich , Hagai (Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot(Israël). Department of Biochemistry and Food Sciences) | Abraham , Robert T (Pfizer Worldwide research and Development, Pearl River(Etats-Unis). Oncology Research Unit) | Acevedo-Arozena , Abraham (Medical Research Council, Harwell(Royaume Uni). Mammalian Genetics Unit) | Adeli , Khosrow (University of Toronto, Toronto(Canada). Hospital for Sick Children - Research Institute) | Agholme , Lotta (Linköping University, Linköping(Suède). Faculty of Health Science) | Agnello , Maria (Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palerme(Italie). Department STEMBIO ) | Agostinis , Patrizia (Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Louvain(Belgique). Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Cell Death Research and Therapy) | Aguirre-Ghiso , Julio A (New York UniversityNew York University, New YorkNew York(Etats-Unis). Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Tisch Cancer Institute, Department of OtolaryngologyMount Sinai School of Medicine, Tisch Cancer institute, Department of Medicine) | Ahn , Hyung Jun (Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul(Corée (République)). Biomedical Research Institute, Center for Theragnosis) | Ait-Mohamed , Ouardia (Université Paris Diderot (Paris 7), Paris(France). UMR 7216 Laboratoire Epigénétique et Destin Cellulaire) | Ait-Si-Ali , Slimane (Université Paris Diderot (Paris 7), Paris(France). UMR 7216 Laboratoire Epigénétique et Destin Cellulaire) | Akematsu , Takahiko (York University, Toronto(Canada). Department of Biology) | Akira , Shizuo (Osaka UniversityOsaka University, OsakaOsaka(Japon). Research Institute for Microbial DiseasesWPI Immunology Frontier Research Center) | Al-Younes , Hesham M (University of Jordan, Amman(Jordanie). Faculty of Science, Department of Biological Sciences) | Al-Zeer , Munir A (Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin(Allemagne). Department of Molecular Biology) | Albert , Matthew L (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche MédicaleInstitut Pasteur, ParisParis(France). U818Département d'Immunologie) | Albin , Roger L (University of MichiganVeterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann ArborAnn Arbor(Etats-Unis). Department of NeurologyGeriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center ) | Alegre-Abarrategui , Javier (University of Oxford, Oxford(Royaume Uni). Department of Physiology, Anatomics and Genetics, Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre) | Aleo , Maria Francesca (Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia(Italie). Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology School of Medicine) | Alirezaei , Mehrdad (Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla(Etats-Unis). Department of Immunology and Microbial Science) | Almasan , Alexandru (Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland(Etats-Unis). Department of Cancer Biology) | Almonte-Becerril , Maylin (Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico(Mexique). Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis) | Amano , Atsuo (Osaka University, Osaka(Japon). Graduate School of Dentistry Department of Preventive Dentistry) | Amaravadi , Ravi (University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia(Etats-Unis). Department of Medicine Perelman School of Medicine) | Amarnath , Shoba (National Cancer Institute, Bethesda(Etats-Unis). Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch) | Amer , Amal O (Ohio State UniversityOhio State University, ColumbusColumbus(Etats-Unis). Department of Internal Medicine Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity Center for Microbial Interface BiologyDavis Heart and Lung Research Institute) | Andrieu-Abadie , Nathalie (Université Toulouse 3, Toulouse(France). UMR 1037) | Anantharam , Vellareddy (Iowa State University, Ames(Etats-Unis). Department of Biomedical Science Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology) | Ann , David K (Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte(Etats-Unis). Department of Molecular Pharmacology) | Anoopkumar-Dukie , Shailendra (Griffith University, Gold Coast(Australie). Griffith Health Institute and School of Pharmacy) | Aoki , Hiroshi (Niigata University, Niigata(Japon). Brain Research Institute ; Department of Neurosurgery) | Apostolova , Nadezda (Universitat de Valencia, Valencia(Espagne). Facultad de Medicina ; Departamento de Farmacologia) | Arancia , Giuseppe (Italian National Institute of Health, Rome(Italie). Technology and Health Department - Ultrastructural Methods for Innovative Cancer Therapies Unit) | Aris , John P. (University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville(Etats-Unis). Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology) | Asanuma , Katsuhiko (Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo(Japon). Department of Internal Medicine - Division of Nephrology) | Asare , Nana Y. O. (National Institute of Public Health, Oslo(Norvège). Department of Chemical Toxicology) | Ashida , Hisashi (Kyoto University, Kyoto(Japon). Graduate School of Biostudies) | Askanas , Valerie (University of Southern California, Los Angeles(Etats-Unis). School of Medicine - USC Neuromuscular Center - Department of Neurology) | Askew , David S. (University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati(Etats-Unis). College of Medicine - Laboratory Medicine) | Auberger , Patrick (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche MédicaleUniversité de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Sophia-AntipolisSophia-Antipolis(France). U895 Centre Mediterraneen de Medecine Moleculaire (C3M)) | Baba , Misuzu (Kogakuin University , Tokyo(Japon). Research Institute for Science and Technology - Collaborative Open Research Center) | Backues , Steven K. (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor(Etats-Unis). Life Sciences Institute) | Baehrecke , Eric H. (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester(Etats-Unis). Department of Cancer Biology) | Bahr , Ben A. (University of North Carolina, Pembroke(Etats-Unis). William C. Friday Laboratory - Biotechnology Research and Training Center) | Bai , Xue-Yuan (hinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing(Chine). State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases - Department of Nephrology) | Bailly , Yannick (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Strasbourg(France). UPR3212 Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives (INCI) - Cytologie et Cytopathologie Neuronales) | Baiocchi , Robert (The Ohio State University, Columbus(Etats-Unis). Division of Hematology) | Baldini , Giulia (University of Arkansas, Little Rock(Etats-Unis). Medical Sciences - Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) | Balduini , Walter (University of Urbino ‘Carlo Bo’, Urbino(Italie). Department of Biomolecular Sciences) | Ballabio , Andrea (Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)University of Naples Federico IIBaylor College of Medicine, NaplesNaplesHouston(Etats-Unis). Department of PediatricsJan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute) | Bamber , Bruce A (University of Toledo, Toledo(Etats-Unis). Department of Biological Sciences) | Bampton , Edward T W (University of Leicester, Leicester(Royaume Uni). MRC Toxicology Unit) | Bánhegyi , Gábor (Semmelweis University, Budapest(Hongrie). Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry) | Bartholomew , Clinton R (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor(Etats-Unis). Life Sciences Institute) | Bassham , Diane C (Iowa State University, Ames(Etats-Unis). Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, and Plant Sciences Institute) | Bast , Robert C (MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston(Etats-Unis). Department of Experimental Therapeutics) | Batoko , Henri (Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve(Belgique). Institut des Sciences de la Vie (ISV)) | Bay , Boon-Huat (National University of Singapore, Singapor(Singapour). Department of Anatomy; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine) | Beau , Isabelle (Université Paris Sud (Paris 11), Châtenay-Malabry(France). UMR-S984) | Bechet , Daniel (INRA , Saint-Genes-Champanelle (France). UMR 1019 Unité de Nutrition Humaine) | Begley , Thomas J (University at Albany, Albany(Etats-Unis). College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering) | Behl , Christian (Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz(Allemagne). Institute for Pathobiochemistry ; University Medical Center) | Behrends , Christian (Goethe University, Francfort(Allemagne). Institute of Biochemistry II ; Medical School) | Bekri , Soumeya (Université de Rouen(France). Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale ; Equipe EA 4309) | Bellaire , Bryan (Iowa State University, Ames(Etats-Unis). Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine) | Bendall , Linda J (University of Sydney, Westmead(Australie). Westmead Millennium Institute) | Benetti , Luca (Merck, West Point(Etats-Unis). Vaccine Manufacturing Sciences and Commercialization) | Berliocchi , Laura (Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro(Italie). Department of Health Sciences) | Bernardi , Henri (INRA , Montpellier (France). UMR 0866 Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme ) | Bernassola , Francesca (University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome(Italie). Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences) | Besteiro , Sébastien (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier(France). UMR 5235 DIMNP) | Bhatia-Kissova , Ingrid (Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava(Slovaquie). Department of Biochemistry) | Bi , Xiaoning (Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona(Etats-Unis). Basic Medical Sciences) | Biard-Piechaczyk , Martine (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier(France). Centre d'Etudes d'Agents Pathogènes et Biotechnologies pour la Santé) | Blum , Janice S (Indiana University, Indianapolis(Etats-Unis). Indiana University School of Medicine - Department of Microbiology and Immunology) | Boise , Lawrence H (Emory University , Atlanta(Etats-Unis). Emory University School of Medicine - Winship Cancer Institute - Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology) | Bonaldo , Paolo (University of Padova, Padova(Italie). Department of Biomedical Sciences) | Boone , David L (University of Chicago, Chicago(Etats-Unis). Department of Medicine) | Bornhauser , Beat C (University of Zurich, Zurich(Suisse). University Children's Hospital - Department of Oncology) | Bortoluci , Karina R (University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo(Brésil). Department of Biological Sciences and Cellular and Molecular Therapy Center) | Bossis , Ioannis (University of Maryland(Etats-Unis). Department of Veterinary Medicine) | Bost , Frédéric (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Nice(France). U895 Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M)) | Bourquin , Jean-Pierre (University of Zurich, Zurich(Suisse). University Children's Hospital - Departement of Oncology) | Boya , Patricia (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Madrid(Espagne). Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas - Departamento de la Proliferación Celular y Developpement) | Boyer-Guittaut , Michaël (Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon(France). EA 3922 Laboratoire de Biochimie - Estrogènes Génique et Pathologies du Système Nerveux Central - IFR133) | Bozhkov , Peter V (Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala(Suède). Department of Plant Biology and Forest Genetics) | Brady , Nathan R (University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg(Allemagne). Medical faculty - German Cancer Research Center - Systems Biology of Cell Death Mechanisms) | Brancolini , Claudio (Università degli Studi di Udine, Udine(Italie). Dipartment Scienze Medicine e Biologiche) | Brech , Andreas (University of Oslo, Oslo(Norvège). Centre for Cancer Biomedicine - Department of Biochemistry - Oslo University Hospital) | Brenman , Jay E. (University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill(Etats-Unis). Department of Cell and Developmental Biology - UNC School of Medicine) | Brennand , Ana (Université Catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles(Belgique). Research Unit for Tropical Diseases- de Duve Institute and Laboratory of Biochemistry) | Bresnick , Emery H. (University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison(Etats-Unis). School of Medicine and Public Health - Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology - Paul Carbone Cancer Center) | Brest , Patrick (Université de Nice Sophia-AntipolisInstitut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, NiceVillejuif(France). Institut de Recherche sur le Cancer et le Veillissement - Institute of Research on Cancer and Ageing of Nice (IRCAN)Laboratoire de Pathologie Clinique et Expérimentale - IFR-50) | Bridges , Dave (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor(Etats-Unis). Life Sciences Institute) | Bristol , Molly L. (Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond(Etats-Unis). Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology - Massey Cancer Center - Goodwin Research Laboratories) | Brookes , Paul S. (University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester(Etats-Unis). Department of Anesthesiology) | Brown , Eric J. (Genetic Engineering Technology, San Francisco Department of Microbial Pathogenesis) | Brumell , John H. (University of Toronto, Ontario(Canada). Cell Biology Program; Hospital for Sick Children - Department of Molecular Genetics) | Brunetti-Pierri , Nicola | Brunk , Ulf T | Bulman , Dennis E | Bultman , Scott J | Bultynck , Geert | Burbulla , Lena F | Bursch , Wilfried | Butchar , Jonathan P | Buzgariu , Wanda | Bydlowski , Sergio P | Cadwell , Ken | Cahová , Monika | Cai , Dongsheng | Cai , Jiyang | Cai , Qian | Calabretta , Bruno | Calvo-Garrido , Javier | Camougrand , Nadine | Campanella , Michelangelo | Campos-Salinas , Jenny | Candi , Eleonora | Cao , Lizhi | Caplan , Allan B | Carding , Simon R | Cardoso , Sandra M | Carew , Jennifer S | Carlin , Cathleen R | Carmignac , Virginie | Carneiro , Leticia A M | Carra , Serena | Caruso , Rosario A | Casari , Giorgio | Casas , Caty | Castino , Roberta | Cebollero , Eduardo | Cecconi , Francesco | Celli , Jean | Chaachouay , Hassan | Chae , Han-Jung | Chai , Chee-Yin | Chan , David C | Chan , Edmond Y | Chang , Raymond Chuen-Chung | Che , Chi-Ming | Chen , Ching-Chow | Chen , Guang-Chao | Chen , Guo-Qiang | Chen , Min | Chen , Quan | Chen , Steve S-L | Chen , WenLi | Chen , Xi | Chen , Xiangmei | Chen , Xiequn | Chen , Ye-Guang | Chen , Yingyu | Chen , Yongqiang | Chen , Yu-Jen | Chen , Zhixiang | Cheng , Alan | Cheng , Christopher H K | Cheng , Yan | Cheong , Heesun | Cheong , Jae-Ho | Cherry , Sara | Chess-Williams , Russ | Cheung , Zelda H | Chevet , Eric | Chiang , Hui-Ling | Chiarelli , Roberto | Chiba , Tomoki | Chin , Lih-Shen | Chiou , Shih-Hwa | Chisari , Francis V | Cho , Chi Hin | Cho , Dong-Hyung | Choi , Augustine M K | Choi , DooSeok | Choi , Kyeong Sook | Choi , Mary E | Chouaib , Salem | Choubey , Divaker | Choubey , Vinay | Chu , Charleen T | Chuang , Tsung-Hsien | Chueh , Sheau-Huei | Chun , Taehoon | Chwae , Yong-Joon | Chye , Mee-Len | Ciarcia , Roberto | Ciriolo , Maria R | Clague , Michael J | Clark , Robert S B | Clarke , Peter G H | Clarke , Robert | Codogno , Patrice | Coller , Hilary A | Colombo , María I | Comincini , Sergio | Condello , Maria | Condorelli , Fabrizio | Cookson , Mark R | Coombs , Graham H | Coppens , Isabelle | Corbalan , Ramon | Cossart , Pascale | Costelli , Paola | Costes , Safia | Coto-Montes , Ana | Couve , Eduardo | Coxon , Fraser P | Cregg , James M | Crespo , José L | Cronjé , Marianne J | Cuervo , Ana Maria | Cullen , Joseph J | Czaja , Mark J | D'Amelio , Marcello | Darfeuille-Michaud , Arlette | Davids , Lester M | Davies , Faith E | De Felici , Massimo | de Groot , John F | de Haan , Cornelis A M | De Martino , Luisa | De Milito , Angelo | De Tata , Vincenzo | Debnath , Jayanta | Degterev , Alexei | Dehay , Benjamin | Delbridge , Lea M D | Demarchi , Francesca | Deng , Yi Zhen | Dengjel , Jörn | Dent , Paul | Denton , Donna | Deretic , Vojo | Desai , Shyamal D | Devenish , Rodney J | Di Gioacchino , Mario | Di Paolo , Gilbert | Di Pietro , Chiara | Díaz-Araya , Guillermo | Díaz-Laviada , Inés | Diaz-Meco , Maria T | Diaz-Nido , Javier | Dikic , Ivan | Dinesh-Kumar , Savithramma P | Ding , Wen-Xing | Distelhorst , Clark W | Diwan , Abhinav | Djavaheri-Mergny , Mojgan | Dokudovskaya , Svetlana | Dong , Zheng | Dorsey , Frank C | Dosenko , Victor | Dowling , James J | Doxsey , Stephen | Dreux , Marlène | Drew , Mark E | Duan , Qiuhong | Duchosal , Michel A | Duff , Karen | Dugail , Isabelle | Durbeej , Madeleine | Duszenko , Michael | Edelstein , Charles L | Edinger , Aimee L | Egea , Gustavo | Eichinger , Ludwig | Eissa , N Tony | Ekmekcioglu , Suhendan | El-Deiry , Wafik S | Elazar , Zvulun | Elgendy , Mohamed | Ellerby , Lisa M | Eng , Kai Er | Engelbrecht , Anna-Mart | Engelender , Simone | Erenpreisa , Jekaterina | Escalante , Ricardo | Esclatine , Audrey | Eskelinen , Eeva-Liisa | Espert , Lucile | Espina , Virginia | Fan , Huizhou | Fan , Jia | Fan , Qi-Wen | Fan , Zhen | Fang , Shengyun | Fang , Yongqi | Fanto , Manolis | Fanzani , Alessandro | Farkas , Thomas | Farré , Jean-Claude | Faure , Mathias | Fechheimer , Marcus | Feng , Carl G | Feng , Jian | Feng , Qili | Feng , Youji | Fésüs , László | Feuer , Ralph | Figueiredo-Pereira , Maria E | Fimia , Gian Maria | Fingar , Diane C | Finkbeiner , Steven | Finkel , Toren | Finley , Kim D | Fiorito , Filomena | Fisher , Edward A | Fisher , Paul B | Flajolet , Marc | Florez-McClure , Maria L | Florio , Salvatore | Fon , Edward A | Fornai , Francesco | Fortunato , Franco | Fotedar , Rati | Fowler , Daniel H | Fox , Howard S | Franco , Rodrigo | Frankel , Lisa B | Fransen , Marc | Fuentes , José M | Fueyo , Juan | Fujii , Jun | Fujisaki , Kozo | Fujita , Eriko | Fukuda , Mitsunori | Furukawa , Ruth H | Gaestel , Matthias | Gailly , Philippe | Gajewska , Malgorzata | Galliot , Brigitte | Galy , Vincent | Ganesh , Subramaniam | Ganetzky , Barry | Ganley , Ian G | Gao , Fen-Biao | Gao , George F | Gao , Jinming | Garcia , Lorena | Garcia-Manero , Guillermo | Garcia-Marcos , Mikel | Garmyn , Marjan | Gartel , Andrei L | Gatti , Evelina | Gautel , Mathias | Gawriluk , Thomas R | Gegg , Matthew E | Geng , Jiefei | Germain , Marc | Gestwicki , Jason E | Gewirtz , David A | Ghavami , Saeid | Ghosh , Pradipta | Giammarioli , Anna M | Giatromanolaki , Alexandra N | Gibson , Spencer B | Gilkerson , Robert W | Ginger , Michael L | Ginsberg , Henry N | Golab , Jakub | Goligorsky , Michael S | Golstein , Pierre | Gomez-Manzano , Candelaria | Goncu , Ebru | Gongora , Céline | Gonzalez , Claudio D | Gonzalez , Ramon | González-Estévez , Cristina | González-Polo , Rosa Ana | Gonzalez-Rey , Elena | Gorbunov , Nikolai V | Gorski , Sharon | Goruppi , Sandro | Gottlieb , Roberta A | Gozuacik , Devrim | Granato , Giovanna Elvira | Grant , Gary D | Green , Kim N | Gregorc , Aleš | Gros , Frédéric | Grose , Charles | Grunt , Thomas W | Gual , Philippe | Guan , Jun-Lin | Guan , Kun-Liang | Guichard , Sylvie M | Gukovskaya , Anna S | Gukovsky , Ilya | Gunst , Jan | Gustafsson , Asa B | Halayko , Andrew J | Hale , Amber N | Halonen , Sandra K | Hamasaki , Maho | Han , Feng | Han , Ting | Hancock , Michael K | Hansen , Malene | Harada , Hisashi | Harada , Masaru | Hardt , Stefan E | Harper , J Wade | Harris , Adrian L | Harris , James | Harris , Steven D | Hashimoto , Makoto | Haspel , Jeffrey A | Hayashi , Shin-ichiro | Hazelhurst , Lori A | He , Congcong | He , You-Wen | Hébert , Marie-Joseé | Heidenreich , Kim A | Helfrich , Miep H | Helgason , Gudmundur V | Henske , Elizabeth P | Herman , Brian | Herman , Paul K | Hetz , Claudio | Hilfiker , Sabine | Hill , Joseph A | Hocking , Lynne J | Hofman , Paul | Hofmann , Thomas G | Höhfeld , Jörg | Holyoake , Tessa L | Hong , Ming-Huang | Hood , David A | Hotamisligil , Gökhan S | Houwerzijl , Ewout J | Høyer-Hansen , Maria | Hu , Bingren | Hu , Chien-An A | Hu , Hong-Ming | Hua , Ya | Huang , Canhua | Huang , Ju | Huang , Shengbing | Huang , Wei-Pang | Huber , Tobias B | Huh , Won-Ki | Hung , Tai-Ho | Hupp , Ted R | Hur , Gang Min | Hurley , James B | Hussain , Sabah N A | Hussey , Patrick J | Hwang , Jung Jin | Hwang , Seungmin | Ichihara , Atsuhiro | Ilkhanizadeh , Shirin | Inoki , Ken | Into , Takeshi | Iovane , Valentina | Iovanna , Juan L | Ip , Nancy Y | Isaka , Yoshitaka | Ishida , Hiroyuki | Isidoro , Ciro | Isobe , Ken-ichi | Iwasaki , Akiko | Izquierdo , Marta | Izumi , Yotaro | Jaakkola , Panu M | Jäättelä , Marja | Jackson , George R | Jackson , William T | Janji , Bassam | Jendrach , Marina | Jeon , Ju-Hong | Jeung , Eui-Bae | Jiang , Hong | Jiang , Hongchi | Jiang , Jean X | Jiang , Ming | Jiang , Qing | Jiang , Xuejun | Jiang , Xuejun | Jiménez , Alberto | Jin , Meiyan | Jin , Shengkan | Joe , Cheol O | Johansen , Terje | Johnson , Daniel E | Johnson , Gail V W | Jones , Nicola L | Joseph , Bertrand | Joseph , Suresh K | Joubert , Annie M | Juhász , Gábor | Juillerat-Jeanneret , Lucienne | Jung , Chang Hwa | Jung , Yong-Keun | Kaarniranta , Kai | Kaasik , Allen | Kabuta , Tomohiro | Kadowaki , Motoni | Kagedal , Katarina | Kamada , Yoshiaki | Kaminskyy , Vitaliy O | Kampinga , Harm H | Kanamori , Hiromitsu | Kang , Chanhee | Kang , Khong Bee | Kang , Kwang Il | Kang , Rui | Kang , Yoon-A | Kanki , Tomotake | Kanneganti , Thirumala-Devi | Kanno , Haruo | Kanthasamy , Anumantha G | Kanthasamy , Arthi | Karantza , Vassiliki | Kaushal , Gur P | Kaushik , Susmita | Kawazoe , Yoshinori | Ke , Po-Yuan | Kehrl , John H | Kelekar , Ameeta | Kerkhoff , Claus | Kessel , David H | Khalil , Hany | Kiel , Jan A K W | Kiger , Amy A | Kihara , Akio | Kim , Deok Ryong | Kim , Do-Hyung | Kim , Dong-Hou | Kim , Eun-Kyoung | Kim , Hyung-Ryong | Kim , Jae-Sung | Kim , Jeong Hun | Kim , Jin Cheon | Kim , John K | Kim , Peter K | Kim , Seong Who | Kim , Yong-Sun | Kim , Yonghyun | Kimchi , Adi | Kimmelman , Alec C | King , Jason S | Kinsella , Timothy J | Kirkin , Vladimir | Kirshenbaum , Lorrie A | Kitamoto , Katsuhiko | Kitazato , Kaio | Klein , Ludger | Klimecki , Walter T | Klucken , Jochen | Knecht , Erwin | Ko , Ben C B | Koch , Jan C | Koga , Hiroshi | Koh , Jae-Young | Koh , Young Ho | Koike , Masato | Komatsu , Masaaki | Kominami , Eiki | Kong , Hee Jeong | Kong , Wei-Jia | Korolchuk , Viktor I | Kotake , Yaichiro | Koukourakis , Michael I | Kouri Flores , Juan B | Kovács , Attila L | Kraft , Claudine | Krainc , Dimitri | Krämer , Helmut | Kretz-Remy , Carole | Krichevsky , Anna M | Kroemer , Guido | Krüger , Rejko | Krut , Oleg | Ktistakis , Nicholas T | Kuan , Chia-Yi | Kucharczyk , Roza | Kumar , Ashok | Kumar , Raj | Kumar , Sharad | Kundu , Mondira | Kung , Hsing-Jien | Kurz , Tino | Kwon , Ho Jeong | La Spada , Albert R | Lafont , Frank | Lamark , Trond | Landry , Jacques | Lane , Jon D | Lapaquette , Pierre | Laporte , Jocelyn F | László , Lajos | Lavandero , Sergio | Lavoie , Josée N | Layfield , Robert | Lazo , Pedro A | Le , Weidong | Le Cam , Laurent | Ledbetter , Daniel J | Lee , Alvin J X | Lee , Byung-Wan | Lee , Gyun Min | Lee , Jongdae | Lee , Ju-Hyun | Lee , Michael | Lee , Myung-Shik | Lee , Sug Hyung | Leeuwenburgh , Christiaan | Legembre , Patrick | Legouis , Renaud | Lehmann , Michael | Lei , Huan-Yao | Lei , Qun-Ying | Leib , David A | Leiro , José | Lemasters , John J | Lemoine , Antoinette | Lesniak , Maciej S | Lev , Dina | Levenson , Victor V | Levine , Beth | Levy , Efrat | Li , Faqiang | Li , Jun-Lin | Li , Lian | Li , Sheng | Li , Weijie | Li , Xue-Jun | Li , Yan-bo | Li , Yi-Ping | Liang , Chengyu | Liang , Qiangrong | Liao , Yung-Feng | Liberski , Pawel P | Lieberman , Andrew | Lim , Hyunjung J | Lim , Kah-Leong | Lim , Kyu | Lin , Chiou-Feng | Lin , Fu-Cheng | Lin , Jian | Lin , Jiandie D | Lin , Kui | Lin , Wan-Wan | Lin , Weei-Chin | Lin , Yi-Ling | Linden , Rafael | Lingor , Paul | Lippincott-Schwartz , Jennifer | Lisanti , Michael P | Liton , Paloma B | Liu , Bo | Liu , Chun-Feng | Liu , Kaiyu | Liu , Leyuan | Liu , Qiong A | Liu , Wei | Liu , Young-Chau | Liu , Yule | Lockshin , Richard A | Lok , Chun-Nam | Lonial , Sagar | Loos , Benjamin | Lopez-Berestein , Gabriel | López-Otín , Carlos | Lossi , Laura | Lotze , Michael T | Lőw , Peter | Lu , Binfeng | Lu , Bingwei | Lu , Bo | Lu , Zhen | Luciano , Frédéric | Lukacs , Nicholas W | Lund , Anders H | Lynch-Day , Melinda A | Ma , Yong | Macian , Fernando | MacKeigan , Jeff P | Macleod , Kay F | Madeo , Frank | Maiuri , Luigi | Maiuri , Maria Chiara | Malagoli , Davide | Malicdan , May Christine V | Malorni , Walter | Man , Na | Mandelkow , Eva-Maria | Manon , Stéphen | Manov , Irena | Mao , Kai | Mao , Xiang | Mao , Zixu | Marambaud , Philippe | Marazziti , Daniela | Marcel , Yves L | Marchbank , Katie | Marchetti , Piero | Marciniak , Stefan J | Marcondes , Mateus | Mardi , Mohsen | Marfe , Gabriella | Mariño , Guillermo | Markaki , Maria | Marten , Mark R | Martin , Seamus J | Martinand-Mari , Camille | Martinet , Wim | Martinez-Vicente , Marta | Masini , Matilde | Matarrese , Paola | Matsuo , Saburo | Matteoni , Raffaele | Mayer , Andreas | Mazure , Nathalie M | McConkey , David J | McConnell , Melanie J | McDermott , Catherine | McDonald , 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In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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