Establishment of bioprocess systems for the production of pili pulp oil and protein enriched residue for the food and feed industries (Project 3) Final Report
2014
Pham, L.J.
An improved bioprocess system for the production of Pili pulp oil (PPO) and protein enriched residue (PEPPR) was established at BIOTECH, UPLB [National Inst. of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Philippines Univ. Los Baños, College, Laguna, Philippines] with PCIEERD-DOST [Philippine Council for Industry, Energy and Emerging Technology Research and Development-Department of Science and Technology] as funding agency. Among the enzymatic extraction process, crude bromelain was selected due to its availability and low cost. Optimized parameters for the bio extraction of PPO [pili pulp oil] used were 1:4 pulp weight to water volume ratio, 1:0.5 pulp weight to enzyme volume ratio, 4 h reaction time, 150 rpm agitation speed. The optimum temperature (55-65 deg C) and pH (5.5-7.5) for the catalytic activity of bromelain was used. Pilot scale enzymatic extraction of PPO using bromelain yielded 76% efficiency compared to solvent-based extraction. Physicochemical analyses of extracted PPO revealed good quality as per low FFA [free fatty acid] and peroxide values obtained. Analysis of fatty acids via GC [gas chromatography] showed that PPO contains high oleic acid (65-68%) similar to olive oil. RP-HPLC [Reverse-Phase High Pressure Liquid Chromatography] analysis revealed that PPO has TG [triglyceride/triacylglyceride] species which can be structurally modified to obtain a higher value product. PPO also contains trace amounts of carotenoids, tocopherols and phytosterols that promote health as antioxidants. Preliminary sensory evaluation indicates that PPO showed no difference (P0.05) in terms of aroma, appearance, flavor, texture and overall acceptability compared to other edible oils such as olive and canola oils. The technology of bio converting carbohydrates to proteins by the action of Aspergillus niger that was developed in BIOTECH was used to enhance the protein content of Pili pulp residue from 6% to 24%. Feeding trial of PEPPR [protein enriched pili pulp residue] was done in 300 broilers assigned to five dietary treatments (control, basal diet with 3% raw Pili pulp, 3% PEPPR, 6% PEPPR and 9% PEPPR inclusions) following completely randomized design with five replicates per treatment. Performance parameters of 40-day old broilers revealed that 3% inclusion of PEPPR in starter and finisher diets have a significant increase in BWG [body weight gain], FC [feed consumption] and dressing percentage compared to standard and other dietary treatments. Carcass analysis revealed that the inclusion of PEPPR does not affect the activities of the different internal organs of the birds. Therefore, bio extraction of PPO using enzymes leads to a safe, in expensive and environment-friendly process with high stability, no harmful by-products compared to solvent-based extraction. Likewise, production of PEPPR for feed ingredient in poultry rations can lead to an increased BWG, FC and dressing percentages. Moreover, inclusion of PEPPR in poultry diets can partially substitute soya meal to reduce to the cost of commercial feeds.
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