Integrated HPAI control in kampong chicken in Indonesia—An overview on ILRI's research and lessons learned

poultryin Indonesia in 2003. HPAI affected all production systems from parent stocks tovillage (kampong) chickens. The island of Java hosts 60% of the poultry populationof the country. Avian influenza in poultry is considered to be endemic and fatal casesin humans are sporadic since its introduction. In an attempt to support the Indonesiangovernment in making decisions to limit the spread of HPAI while minimising itsimpact on different socio-economic groups, research by the International LivestockResearch Institute (ILRI) has focused on two main areas: (a) village chicken vaccinationand (b) risk reduction strategies suitable for pro-poor households with backyardchicken.The vaccination component, supported by the World Bank, the Indonesian governmentand the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), used anoperational research approach, with the objective to determine the efficacy of backyardmass vaccination by testing alternative regimes under field conditions. The massvaccination carried out between 2007 and 2009 in 16 districts of Java was supportedby targeted studies such as, the value of booster vs. non-booster vaccination, the effectof single dosage (antigen content) vs. double dosage vaccine formulations anda cost-benefit analysis of backyard vaccination. Research on pro-poor HPAI risk reductionstrategies, jointly carried out from 2007–2011 with the International FoodPolicy Research Institute (IFPRI) and supported by the UK Department for InternationalDevelopment (DFID), followed an integrated research design with four maincomponents: disease risk, institutional analysis, livelihood impacts, and synthesis(risk mitigation analysis). Within the components a number of focused studies fromepidemiology, to socio-economic and livelihood impacts were implemented focusingon the districts of Bogor and Bogor Kota. Key results indicate the need for an avianinfluenza booster vaccination with a quarterly re-vaccination schedule due to highpopulation turnovers in kampong chicken. Risk assessment demonstrated the valueof an appropriate biosecurity and visitor’s control.