Arthropod pests of date palm and their management.
2017
El-Shafie, H. A. F. | Abdel-Banat, B. M. A. | Al-Hajhoj, M. R.
This review lists 132 species of insect and mite pests associated with date palm (<i>Phoenix dactylifera</i> L.) grown worldwide. These species are distributed among eight insect orders and 30 families, besides one order of mite comprising nine families. Most of the species (52) were reported on the leaf (frond), while 26 species were associated with the roots and trunk. Green fruits with their stalks and stored dates hosted 27 species each. Coleoptera represented 41% of the listed pest species, followed by Hemiptera (20%), Acari (16%) and Lepidoptera (12%). Although the number of date palm pest species seems to be high, only a few species are considered major pests of economic importance. The major pests include the red palm weevil, (<i>Rhynchophorus ferrugineus</i>), old world date mite (<i>Oligonychus afrasiaticus</i>), lesser date moth (<i>Batrachedra amydraula</i>), Dubas date bug (<i>Ommatissus lybicus</i>), green pit scale (<i>Palmaspis phoenicis</i>), carob moth (<i>Ectomyelois ceratoniae</i>), date palm longhorn beetle (<i>Jebusaea hammerschmidti</i>), and almond moth (<i>Cadra cautella</i>). The review also lists 90 species of predators and parasitoids representing nine orders and 23 families, indicating their potential role in date palm pest management. The paper summarizes the current knowledge on management tactics including monitoring, agrotechnical measures, biological control, semiochemical-based control and chemical control. The implementation of integrated pest management strategies against major pests, based on the above-mentioned tactics, is discussed. The information gathered in this review indicates that strict quarantine, semiochemicals including pheromones and training and education of farmers are expected to play a central role in area-wide IPM of major date palm pests.
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