<i>Phoma macrostoma</i>: as a broad spectrum bioherbicide for turf grass and agricultural applications.
2018
Hynes, R. K.
<i>Phoma macrostoma</i> Montagne 94-44B is an effective bioherbicide for broadleaved weed reduction. In 2016, Health Canada's Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA), under the authority of the Pest Control Products Act and Regulations, granted full registration for the sale and use of the bioherbicide <i>P. macrostoma</i> Montagne 94-44B to control a broad spectrum of broadleaf weeds in established turfgrass and new seeding of grasses as well as in field grown nursery plants, trees and container-grown ornamentals. <i>P. macrostoma</i> 94-44B colonizes susceptible and non-susceptible plant roots, however, only in susceptible plants, such as <i>Taraxacum officinale</i> (dandelion), do mycelium proliferate around the vascular trachea interfering with the function of neighbouring cells while not entering them. Macrocidins, secondary metabolites secreted by <i>P. macrostoma</i> 94-44B mycelia, inhibit multiple steps in carotenoid precursor formation including phytoene desaturase and steps associated with beta carotene and lutein carotenoid biogenesis, Fe and Mg chelation and OJIP chlorophyll fluorescence, thus uncoupling the light-harvesting complex of photosystem II from the reaction centre. The combined actions of <i>P. macrostoma</i> 94-44B and macrocidins elicit photobleaching of the leaves and eventual weed death. Research is underway to exploit Phoma's bioherbicidal actions for weed management in agriculture. <i>P. macrostoma</i> 94-44B can be used to reduce broadleaved weeds in crops such as wheat, corn, potato, forage grasses and established alfalfa (2nd growth or older). Soil residue studies reveal that neither <i>P. macrostoma</i> 94-44B nor macrocidins are present after 1 year suggesting that farmers could plant <i>Phoma</i>-sensitive crops such as legumes, flax or canola in subsequent years.
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