Polysaccharide isolated from fermented barley extract activates macrophages via the MAPK and NF-κB pathways
2018
Kim, H.W., Kyonggi University, Suwon, Republic of Korea | Jee, H.S., ILHWA Co., Ltd., Guri, Republic of Korea | Shin, K.S., Kyonggi University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
Barley has nutritional benefits due to its high dietary fiber content; therefore, the intake of whole barley grains is recommended. However, barley is often consumed in the fermented form because of the improved texture and digestibility. The present study was designed to elucidate the intracellular signaling pathway for macrophage activation by the polysaccharide BF-CP from fermented barley. BF-CP is a neutral polysaccharide, composed of neutral sugars, including glucose (70.7%), xylose (11.4%), and arabinose (9.0%). BF-CP exhibited macrophage-stimulatory activity by inducing the production of interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and nitric oxide in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Further, BFCP treatment strongly increased the IL-6 and TNF-α gene expression in a concentration-dependent manner. Signal transduction experiments using immunoblotting showed that BF-CP phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), such as c-Jun N-terminal kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and p38, and nuclear factor (NF)-κB, in RAW 264.7 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. These results suggest that BF-CP activates the macrophages via MAPK and NF-κB pathways, and also induces an increase in the production of cytokines.
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