Etiopatogeneza, dijagnostika i terapija tumora mlečne žlezde kod kuja

The etiopathogenesis of mammary gland tumors has not been fully explained, but the following factors are considered to have a significant impact and represent risk factors for the onset of this disease. Mammary stem cells differentiate into hormone-influenced ductus, alveolar and myoepithelial cells during growth and development of the bitch. Prolonged diestrus phase time and exposure to progestogens are related to the development of canine mammary tumors. Age is also one of the very significant risk factors for breast cancer. It occurs only in older dogs, the incidence is low in dogs up to 7 years old, while at the age of 8 years there is a sharp increase in the development of the disease, which further increases with the age of the animal. The development of mammary gland tumors has also been linked to obesity. According to WHO, canine mammary tumors are classified into malignant, benign, unclassified tumors and hyperplasia and dysplasia of the mammary gland. Literature has described systems for ranking mammary gland tumors in bitches based on the stage of the tumor present, and most commonly used systems by analogy to human medicine and mammary gland tumors in women. The first system is a clinical or TNM system in which the letter T describes the size of the tumor, the letter N metastases to the lymph nodes, and the letter M distant metastases. The second system is the histological determination of the tumor stage, which assesses the formation of tubules in tumor tissue, nucleus pleomorphism and the number of mitoses in the 10 fields observed under the highest magnification of the microscope. A third system that can be used in the assessment of tumor stage is cytologic. In the case of mammary tumors, we can distinguish the following biomarkers: biomarkers of tumor cell proliferation and apoptosis (Ki-67, PCNA, protein p53, E cadherin, CEA, CA 15-3); angiogenesis biomarkers (VEGF, EGFR (HER1), HER-2); hormone receptors; biomarkers of inflammation (Cox-2). The clinical manifestations of mammary gland tumors depend on the type of tumor and the moment of admission of the patient in relation to the moment of onset of the change. Further flow of diagnostics leads through diagnostic cytology, imaging (radiography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging) and finally pathohistology. Tumor treatment is surgical with concomitant medication. Due to the frequency and importance of early diagnosis, it is necessary to know in detail the etiopathogenesis and therapeutic procedures of mammary gland tumors in bitches.